- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/458/56
- Title:
- TeV gamma-ray blazar X-ray spectral studies
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/458/56
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This work is a summary of the X-ray spectral studies of 29TeV (10^12^eV, tera-electron-volt) {gamma}-ray emitting blazars observed with Swift/XRT, especially focusing on sources for which the X-ray regime allows us to study the low- and the high-energy ends of the particle distribution function. Variability studies require simultaneous coverage, ideally sampling different flux states of each source. This is achieved using X-ray observations by disentangling the high-energy end of the synchrotron emission and the low-energy end of the Compton emission, which are produced by the same electron population. We focused on a sample of 29 TeV {gamma}-ray emitting blazars with the best signal-to-noise X-ray observations collected with Swift/XRT in the energy range 0.3-10keV during 10yr of Swift/XRT operations. We investigate the X-ray spectral shapes and the effects of different corrections for neutral hydrogen absorption and decompose the synchrotron and inverse Compton components. For five sources (3C 66A, S5 0716+714, W Comae, 4C +21.35 and BL Lacertae) a superposition of both components is observed in the X-ray band, permitting simultaneous, time-resolved studies of both ends of the electron distribution. The analysis of multi-epoch observations revealed that the break energy of the X-ray spectrum varies only by a small factor with flux changes. Flux variability is more pronounced in the synchrotron domain (high-energy end of the electron distribution) than in the Compton domain (low-energy end of the electron distribution). The spectral shape of the Compton domain is stable, while the flux of the synchrotron domain is variable. These changes cannot be described by simple variations of the cut-off energy, suggesting that the high-energy end of the electron distribution is not generally well described by cooling only.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/608/A68
- Title:
- TeV/non-TeV BL Lacs multi-lambda fluxes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/608/A68
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have collected the most complete multi-wavelength (6.0-6.0E^-18^cm) dataset of very high energy (VHE) gamma-ray emitting (TeV) BL Lacs, which are the most numerous extragalactic VHE sources. Using significant correlations between different bands, we aim to identify the best TeV BL Lac candidates that can be discovered by the current and next generation of imaging air Cherenkovtelescopes. We formed five datasets from lower energy data, i.e. radio, mid-infrared, optical, X-rays, and GeV gamma-ray, and five VHE gamma-ray datasets to perform a correlation study between different bands and to construct the prediction method. The low energy datasets were averaged for individual sources, while the VHE gamma-ray data were divided into subsets according to the flux state of the source. We then looked for significant correlations and determined their best-fit parameters. Using the best-fit parameters we predicted the level of VHE gamma-ray flux for a sample of 182 BL Lacs, which have not been detected at TeV energies. We identified the most promising TeV BL Lac candidates based on the predicted VHE gamma-ray flux for each source. We found 14 significant correlations between radio, mid-infrared, optical, gamma-ray, and VHE gamma-ray bands. The correlation between optical and VHE gamma-ray luminosity is established for the first time. We attribute this to the more complete sample and more accurate handling of host galaxy flux in our work. We found nine BL Lac candidates whose predicted VHE gamma-ray flux is high enough for detection in less than 25 hours with current imaging air Cherenkov telescopes.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/720/1513
- Title:
- The afterglows of Swift-era GRBs. I.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/720/1513
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have gathered optical photometry data from the literature on a large sample of Swift-era gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows including GRBs up to 2009 September, for a total of 76 GRBs, and present an additional three pre-Swift GRBs not included in an earlier sample. Furthermore, we publish 840 additional new photometry data points on a total of 42 GRB afterglows, including large data sets for GRBs 050319, 050408, 050802, 050820A, 050922C, 060418, 080413A, and 080810. We analyzed the light curves of all GRBs in the sample and derived spectral energy distributions for the sample with the best data quality, allowing us to estimate the host-galaxy extinction. We transformed the afterglow light curves into an extinction-corrected z=1 system and compared their luminosities with a sample of pre-Swift afterglows. The results of a former study, which showed that GRB afterglows clustered and exhibited a bimodal distribution in luminosity space, are weakened by the larger sample. We found that the luminosity distribution of the two afterglow samples (Swift-era and pre-Swift) is very similar, and that a subsample for which we were not able to estimate the extinction, which is fainter than the main sample, can be explained by assuming a moderate amount of line-of-sight host extinction. We derived bolometric isotropic energies for all GRBs in our sample, and found only a tentative correlation between the prompt energy release and the optical afterglow luminosity at 1 day after the GRB in the z=1 system. Finally, we present the first indications of a class of long GRBs, which form a bridge between the typical high-luminosity, high-redshift events and nearby low-luminosity events (which are also associated with spectroscopic supernovae) in terms of energetics and observed redshift distribution, indicating a continuous distribution overall.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/175/179
- Title:
- The BAT1 gamma-ray burst catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/175/179
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) catalog of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which contains bursts detected by the BAT between 2004 December 19 and 2007 June 16. This catalog (hereafter the BAT1 catalog) contains burst trigger time, location, 90% error radius, duration, fluence, peak flux, and time-averaged spectral parameters for each of 237 GRBs, as measured by the BAT. The BAT-determined position reported here is within 1.75' of the Swift X-Ray Telescope (XRT)-determined position for 90% of these GRBs. The BAT T_90_ and T_50_ durations peak at 80 and 20s, respectively. From the fluence-fluence correlation, we conclude that about 60% of the observed peak energies, E^obs^_peak_, of BAT GRBs could be less than 100keV. We confirm that GRB fluence to hardness and GRB peak flux to hardness are correlated for BAT bursts in analogous ways to previous missions' results. The correlation between the photon index in a simple power-law model and E^obs^_peak_ is also confirmed. We also report the current status for the on-orbit BAT calibrations based on observations of the Crab Nebula.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/208/21
- Title:
- The BATSE 5B GRB spectral catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/208/21
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present systematic spectral analyses of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) detected with the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on board the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory during its entire nine years of operation. This catalog contains two types of spectra extracted from 2145 GRBs, and fitted with five different spectral models resulting in a compendium of over 19000 spectra. The models were selected based on their empirical importance to the spectral shape of many GRBs, and the analysis performed was devised to be as thorough and objective as possible. We describe in detail our procedures and criteria for the analyses, and present the bulk results in the form of parameter distributions. This catalog should be considered an official product from the BATSE Science Team, and the data files containing the complete results are available from the High-Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center (HEASARC).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/493/2438
- Title:
- The 2BIGB gamma-ray blazars catalog
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/493/2438
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This paper presents the results of a {gamma}-ray likelihood analysis over all the extreme and high synchrotron peak blazars (EHSP and HSP) from the 3HSP catalogue. We investigate 2013 multifrequency positions under the eyes of Fermi Large Area Telescope, considering 11yr of observations in the energy range between 500MeV and 500GeV, which results in 1160 {gamma}-ray signatures detected down to the TS=9 threshold. The detections include 235 additional sources concerning the Fermi Large Area Telescope Fourth Source Catalog (4FGL), all confirmed via high-energy TS (Test Statistic) maps, and represent an improvement of ~25% for the number of EHSP and HSP currently described in {gamma}-rays. We build the {gamma}-ray spectral energy distribution (SED) for all the 1160 2BIGB sources, plot the corresponding {gamma}-ray logN-logS, and measure their total contribution to the extragalactic gamma-ray background, which reaches up to ~33% at 100GeV. Also, we show that the {gamma}-ray detectability improves according to the synchrotron peak flux as represented by the figure of merit parameter, and note that the search for TeV peaked blazars may benefit from considering HSP and EHSP as a whole, instead of EHSPs only. The 2BIGB acronym stands for 'Second Brazil-ICRANet Gamma-ray Blazars' catalogue.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/884/66
- Title:
- The CGM-GRB study. I. GRB hosts at z~2-6
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/884/66
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Recent studies have revealed a dynamic interplay between the galaxy ecosystem and circumgalactic medium (CGM). We investigate the CGM at high redshifts (z>~2) by using bright afterglows of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) as background sources. We compiled a sample of medium-resolution ({Delta}v<50km/s) and high signal-to-noise ratio (typical S/N~10) spectra from 27 GRB afterglows covering z~2-6, with six of them at z>~4. We analyzed the high- and low-ionization absorption features within +/-400km/s to extract the CGM and interstellar medium (ISM) kinematics. In the stacked spectra, high-ionization absorption profiles (e.g., CIV, SiIV) present significant absorption excess in their blue wings (v{<}-100km/s) relative to the red wings (v>100km/s). The stronger blue wings in high-ionization species are indicative of the presence of ubiquitous warm outflows in the GRB hosts at high redshifts. We used simple toy models to kinematically distinguish the CGM and ISM absorption and estimate the CGM mass and outflow velocity. We find tentative evidence of the evolution of the CGM metal mass by ~0.5dex between two redshift bins, each spanning 1 Gyr, z1: 2-2.7 and z2: 2.7-5. By comparing with past studies, we find that over the course of evolution of present-day galaxies with M_*_>10^10^M_{sun}_, the ratio of CIV mass in the CGM to the stellar mass remains fairly uniform, with log(M_CIV_/M_*_)~-4.5 within +/-0.5dex from z~4 to z~0, suggesting CGM-galaxy coevolution.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/818/187
- Title:
- The cosmic TeV gamma-ray background spectrum
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/818/187
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Fermi gamma-ray space telescope has revolutionized our understanding of the cosmic gamma-ray background radiation in the GeV band. However, investigation on the cosmic TeV gamma-ray background radiation still remains sparse. Here, we report the lower bound on the cosmic TeV gamma-ray background spectrum placed by the cumulative flux of individual detected extragalactic TeV sources including blazars, radio galaxies, and starburst galaxies. The current limit on the cosmic TeV gamma-ray background above 0.1TeV is obtained as 2.8x10^-8^(E/100GeV)^-0.55^exp(-E/2100GeV)[GeV/cm2/s/sr] <E^2^dN/dE<1.1x10^-7^(E/100GeV)^-0.49^[GeV/cm2/s/sr], where the upper bound is set by requirement that the cascade flux from the cosmic TeV gamma-ray background radiation can not exceed the measured cosmic GeV gamma-ray background spectrum. Two nearby blazars, Mrk421 and Mrk501, explain ~70% of the cumulative background flux at 0.8-4TeV, while extreme blazars start to dominate at higher energies. We also provide the cumulative background flux from each population, i.e., blazars, radio galaxies, and starburst galaxies which will be the minimum requirement for their contribution to the cosmic TeV gamma-ray background radiation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/854/99
- Title:
- The Einstein@Home gamma-ray pulsar survey. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/854/99
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report on the analysis of 13 gamma-ray pulsars discovered in the Einstein@Home blind search survey using Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) Pass 8 data. The 13 new gamma-ray pulsars were discovered by searching 118 unassociated LAT sources from the third LAT source catalog (3FGL), selected using the Gaussian Mixture Model machine-learning algorithm on the basis of their gamma-ray emission properties being suggestive of pulsar magnetospheric emission. The new gamma-ray pulsars have pulse profiles and spectral properties similar to those of previously detected young gamma-ray pulsars. Follow-up radio observations have revealed faint radio pulsations from two of the newly discovered pulsars and enabled us to derive upper limits on the radio emission from the others, demonstrating that they are likely radio-quiet gamma-ray pulsars. We also present results from modeling the gamma-ray pulse profiles and radio profiles, if available, using different geometric emission models of pulsars. The high discovery rate of this survey, despite the increasing difficulty of blind pulsar searches in gamma rays, suggests that new systematic surveys such as presented in this article should be continued when new LAT source catalogs become available.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/718/587
- Title:
- The Fermi-AT20G catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/718/587
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The high-frequency radio sky, like the gamma-ray sky surveyed by the Fermi satellite, is dominated by flat spectrum radio quasars and BL Lac objects at bright flux levels. To investigate the relationship between radio and gamma-ray emission in extragalactic sources, we have cross-matched the Australia Telescope 20 GHz survey catalog (AT20G) with the Fermi-LAT 1 year Point Source Catalog (1FGL). The 6.0sr of sky covered by both catalogs (DEC<0{deg},|b|>1.5{deg}) contains 5890 AT20G radio sources and 604 1FGL gamma-ray sources. The AT20G source positions are accurate to within ~1 arcsec and, after excluding known Galactic sources, 43% of Fermi 1FGL sources have an AT20G source within the 95% Fermi confidence ellipse. Monte Carlo tests imply that at least 95% of these matches are genuine associations. Only five gamma-ray sources (1% of the Fermi catalog) have more than one AT20G counterpart in the Fermi error box. The AT20G matches also generally support the active galactic nucleus (AGN) associations in the First LAT AGN Catalog. We find a trend of increasing gamma-ray flux density with 20GHz radio flux density. The Fermi detection rate of AT20G sources is close to 100% for the brightest 20GHz sources, decreasing to 20% at 1Jy, and to roughly 1% at 100mJy. Eight of the matched AT20G sources have no association listed in 1FGL and are presented here as potential gamma-ray AGNs for the first time. We also identify an alternative AGN counterpart to one 1FGL source. The percentage of Fermi sources with AT20G detections decreases toward the Galactic plane, suggesting that the 1FGL catalog contains at least 50 Galactic gamma-ray sources in the southern hemisphere that are yet to be identified.
