- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/364/205
- Title:
- UBVy photometry of cool stars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/364/205
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present high-precision photometry, high- and medium-resolution spectroscopy for a sample of 32 stars likely to be the optical counterparts of X-ray sources serendipitously detected by the EXOSAT satellite. Using also recent results from the Hipparcos satellite, we infer spectral types, compute X-ray luminosities and Li abundances and investigate the single or binary nature of the sample stars. We found eleven new variable stars, whose photometric periods fall in the 1.2-27.5 day range, for most of which the optical variability is consistent with the presence of photospheric cool spots. For our sample of X-ray selected stars we confirm the existence of a strong correlation between the stellar rotation rate and the level of activity, and also between the X-ray and bolometric luminosities. Two stars in our sample are likely to be pre-main sequence objects, one is likely to be a previously unknown M-type star within 25pc.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/641/A170
- Title:
- Ultracool dwarf K2 light curves
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/641/A170
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- With the discovery of a planetary system around the ultracool dwarf TRAPPIST-1, there has been a surge of interest in such stars as potential planet hosts. Planetary systems around ultracool dwarfs represent our best chance of characterising temperate rocky-planet atmospheres with the James Webb Space Telescope. However, TRAPPIST-1 remains the only known system of its kind and the occurrence rate of planets around ultracool dwarfs is still poorly constrained. We seek to perform a complete transit search on the ultracool dwarfs observed by NASA's K2 mission, and use the results to constrain the occurrence rate of planets around these stars. We filter and characterise the sample of ultracool dwarfs observed by K2 by fitting their spectral energy distributions and using parallaxes from Gaia. We build an automatic pipeline to perform photometry, detrend the light curves, and search for transit signals. Using extensive injection-recovery tests of our pipeline, we compute the detection sensitivity of our search, and thus the completeness of our sample. We infer the planetary occurrence rates within a hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM) to treat uncertain planetary parameters.With the occurrence rate parametrised by a step-wise function, we present a convenient way to directly marginalise over the second level of our HBM (the planetary parameters). Our method is applicable generally and can greatly speed up inference with larger catalogues of detected planets. We detect one planet in our sample of 702 ultracool dwarfs: a previously validated mini-Neptune. We thus infer a mini-Neptune (2-4R_{Earth}_) occurrence rate of {eta}=0.20^+0.16^_0.11_ within orbital periods of 1-20 days. For super-Earths (1-2R_{Earth}_) and ice or gas giants (4-6R_{Earth}_) within 1-20 days, we place 95% credible intervals of {eta}<1.14 and {eta}<0.29, respectively. If TRAPPIST-1-like systems were ubiquitous, we would have a 96% chance of finding at least one.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/427/3280
- Title:
- Ultra-cool dwarfs at low Galactic latitudes
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/427/3280
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an ultra-cool dwarf (UCD) catalogue compiled from low southern Galactic latitudes and mid-plane, from a cross-correlation of the Two Micron All-Sky Survey (2MASS) and the SuperCOSMOS survey. The catalogue contains 246 members identified from 5042deg^2^ within 220{deg}<=l<=360{deg} and 0{deg}<l<=30{deg}, for |b|<=15{deg}. Sixteen candidates are spectroscopically confirmed in the near-infrared as UCDs with spectral types from M7.5V to L9, the latest being the unusual blue L dwarf 2MASSJ11263991-5003550. Our catalogue selection method is presented enabling UCDs from ~M8V to the L-T transition to be selected down to a 2MASS limiting magnitude of Ks=~14.5mag (for S/N>=10).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/619/L8
- Title:
- Ultra-cool dwarfs candidates in Gaia DR2
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/619/L8
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The second Gaia data release (Gaia DR2) contains high-precision positions, parallaxes, and proper motions for 1.3 billion sources. The resulting Hertzsprung-Russel diagram reveals fine structures throughout the mass range. This paper aims to investigate the content of Gaia DR2 at the low-mass end and to characterize ultra-cool and brown dwarfs. We first retrieved the sample of spectroscopically confirmed ultra-cool and brown dwarfs in Gaia DR2.We used their locus in the precise Hertzsprung-Russel diagram to select new candidates and to investigate their properties. The number of spectroscopically confirmed objects recovered in Gaia DR2 corresponds to 61% and 74% of the expected number of objects with an estimated Gaia magnitude G_est_<=21.5 and 20.3, respectively. This fills much of the gap to Gaia DR1. Furthermore, Gaia DR2 contains ~13000>=M7 and 631 new L candidates. A tentative classification suggests that a few hundred of them are young or subdwarf candidates. Their distance distribution shows that the solar neighborhood census is still incomplete. Conclusions. Gaia DR2 offers a great wealth of information on low-mass objects. It provides a homogeneous and precise catalog of candidates that is worthwhile to be further characterized with spectroscopic observations.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/561/A47
- Title:
- 8.1um SiO spectra of cool evolved stars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/561/A47
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The mass-loss mechanism in red giants and red supergiants is not yet understood well. The SiO fundamental lines near 8 m are potentially useful for probing the outer atmosphere, which is essential for clarifying the mass-loss mechanism. However, these lines have been little explored until now. We present high spectral resolution spectroscopic observations of the SiO fundamental lines near 8.1um in 16 bright red giants and red supergiants. Our sample consists of seven normal (i.e., non-Mira) K-M giants (from K1.5 to M6.5), three Mira stars, three optically bright red supergiants, two dusty red supergiants, and the enigmatic object GCIRS3 near the Galactic center.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/564/A55
- Title:
- 1.1-2.4um spectra of 7 young M and L dwarfs
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/564/A55
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Gravity modifies the spectral features of young brown dwarfs (BDs). A proper characterization of these objects is crucial for the identification of the least massive and latest-type objects in star-forming regions, and to explain the origin(s) of the peculiar spectrophotometric properties of young directly imaged extrasolar planets and BD companions. We obtained medium-resolution (R~1500-1700) near-infrared (1.1-2.5um) spectra of seven young M9.5-L3 dwarfs classified at optical wavelengths. We aim to empirically confirm the low surface gravity of the objects in the near-infrared. We also test whether self-consistent atmospheric models correctly represent the formation and the settling of dust clouds in the atmosphere of young late-M and L dwarfs. We used the Infrared Spectrometer And Array Camera (ISAAC) at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) to obtain the spectra of the targets. We compared the spectra to those of mature and young BDs, and to young late-type companions to nearby stars with known ages, to identify and study gravity-sensitive features. We computed spectral indices weakly sensitive to the surface gravity to derive near-infrared spectral types. Finally, we found the best fit between each spectrum and synthetic spectra from the BT-Settl 2010 and 2013 atmospheric models. Using the best fit, we derived the atmospheric parameters of the objects and identified which spectral characteristics the models do not reproduce.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/745/56
- Title:
- Upper Sco members rotational velocities
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/745/56
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present projected rotational velocities for 20 early-type (B8-A9) and 74 late-type (F2-M8) members of the ~5 Myr old Upper Scorpius OB Association derived from high-dispersion optical spectra obtained with the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer on Keck I and the Magellan Inamori Kyocera Echelle on the Magellan Clay telescope. The spectroscopic sample is composed of stars and brown dwarfs with infrared signatures of circumstellar disks, both primordial and debris, and non-excess sources of comparable spectral type. We merge projected rotational velocities, accretion diagnostics, and Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer 24 {mu}m photometry to examine the relationship between rotation and circumstellar disks. The rotational velocities are strongly correlated with spectral type, a proxy for mass, such that the median vsin i for B8-A9-type stars is: 195+/-70km/s, F2-K4: 37.8+/-7.4km/s, K5-K9: 13.8^+21.3^_-8.2_km/s, M0-M5: 16.52+/-5.3km/s, and M5.5-M8: 17.72+/-8.1km/s. We find with a probability of >=0.99 that M-type stars and brown dwarfs having infrared excess suggestive of circumstellar disks rotate more slowly than their non-excess counterparts. A similar correlation is present among F2-K9-type stars, but only at the ~97% confidence level. Among the early-type (B8-A9) members, rotational velocities of the debris-disk and non-disk populations are indistinguishable. Considering the late-type (F2-M8) stars and brown dwarfs, we find a low fraction of slowly rotating, non-excess sources relative to younger star-forming regions, suggesting that most have spun up following disk dissipation. The few late-type (F2-M5) debris disk sources, which may be representative of stars that have recently dispersed their inner disks, are evenly divided between slow and moderate rotators.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/647/A167
- Title:
- Using H-bump to identify RSGs in NGC6822
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/647/A167
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a case study in which we used a novel method to identify red supergiant (RSG) candidates in NGC 6822 based on their 1.6um H-bump. We collected 32 bands of photometric data for NGC 6822 ranging from the optical to the mid-infrared (MIR), derived from Gaia, PS1, LGGS, VHS, UKIRT, IRSF, HAWK-I, Spitzer, and WISE. Using the theoretical spectra from MARCS, we demonstrate that there is a prominent difference around 1.6um (H-bump) between targets with high and low surface gravity (HSG and LSG). Taking advantage of this feature, we identify efficient color-color diagrams of rzH (r-z versus z-H) and rzK (r-z versus z-K) to separate HSG (mostly foreground dwarfs) and LSG targets (mainly background red giant stars, asymptotic giant branch stars, and RSGs) from crossmatching of optical and near-infrared (NIR) data. Moreover, synthetic photometry from ATLAS9 gives similar results. We further separated RSG candidates from the remaining LSG candidates as determined by the H-bump method by using semi-empirical criteria on NIR color-magnitude diagrams, where both the theoretic cuts and morphology of the RSG population are considered. This separation produced 323 RSG candidates. The simulation of foreground stars with Besancon models also indicates that our selection criteria are largely free from the contamination of Galactic giants. In addition to the H-bump method, we used the traditional BVR method (B-V versus V-R) as a comparison and/or supplement by applying a slightly aggressive cut to select as many RSG candidates as possible (358 targets). Furthermore, the Gaia astrometric solution was used to constrain the sample, where 181 and 193 targets were selected with the H-bump and BVR method, respectively. The percentages of selected targets in the two methods are similar at ~60%, indicating a comparable accuracy of the two methods. In total, there are 234 RSG candidates after combining targets from the two methods, and 140 (~60%) of them are in common. The final RSG candidates are in the expected locations on the mid-infrared color-magnitude diagram with [3.6]-[4.5]<~0 and J-[8.0]~1.0. The spatial distribution is also coincident with the far-ultraviolet-selected star formation regions, suggesting that the selection is reasonable and reliable. We indicate that our method can also be used to identify other LSG targets, such as red giants and asymptotic giant branch stars, and it can also be applied to most of the nearby galaxies by using recent large-scale ground-based surveys. Future ground- and space-based facilities may promote its application beyond the Local Group.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/731/17
- Title:
- Variability of low-mass stars in SDSS Stripe 82
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/731/17
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a catalog of periodic stellar variability in the "Stripe 82" region of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. After aggregating and re-calibrating catalog-level data from the survey, we ran a period-finding algorithm (Supersmoother) on all point-source light curves. We used color selection to identify systems that are likely to contain low-mass stars, in particular M dwarfs and white dwarfs. In total, we found 207 candidates, the vast majority of which appear to be in eclipsing binary systems. The catalog described in this paper includes 42 candidate M dwarf/white dwarf pairs, four white dwarf pairs, 59 systems whose colors indicate they are composed of two M dwarfs and whose light-curve shapes suggest they are in detached eclipsing binaries, and 28 M dwarf systems whose light-curve shapes suggest they are in contact binaries. We find no detached systems with periods longer than 3 days, thus the majority of our sources are likely to have experienced orbital spin-up and enhanced magnetic activity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/598/A108
- Title:
- Variability survey of brightest stars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/598/A108
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The stellar evolution theory of massive stars remains uncalibrated with high-precision photometric observational data mainly due to small number of luminous stars monitored from space. Automated all-sky surveys have revealed numerous variable stars but most luminous stars are often overexposed. Targeted campaigns can improve the time base of photometric data for those objects. The aim of this investigation is to study the variability of luminous stars at different time-scales in young open clusters and OB associations. We monitored 22 open clusters and associations from 2011 to 2013 using a 0.25-m telescope. Variable stars were detected by comparing the overall light-curve scatter with measurement uncertainties. Variability was analysed by the light curve feature extraction tool FATS. Periods of pulsating stars were determined using the discrete Fourier transform code SigSpec. We then classified the variable stars based on their pulsation periods and available spectral information. We obtained light curves for more than 20000 sources of which 354 were found to be variable. Amongst them we find 80 eclipsing binaries, 31 {alpha} Cyg, 13 {beta} Cep, 62 Be, 16 slowly pulsating B, 7 Cepheid, 1 {gamma} Doradus, 3 Wolf-Rayet and 63 late-type variable stars. Up to 55% of these stars are potential new discoveries as they are not present in the Variable Star Index (VSX) database. We find the cluster membership fraction for variable stars to be 13% with an upper limit of 35%.
