- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/648/A108
- Title:
- Heavy-elements heritage of the falling sky
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/648/A108
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- A fundamental element of galaxy formation is the accretion of mass through mergers of satellites or gas. Recent dynamical analyses based on Gaia data have revealed major accretion events in the history of the Milky Way. Nevertheless, our understanding of the primordial Galaxy is hindered because the bona fide identification of the most metal-poor and correspondingly oldest accreted stars remains challenging. Galactic archaeology needs a new accretion diagnostic to understand primordial stellar populations. Contrary to {alpha}-elements, neutron-capture elements present unexplained large abundance spreads for low-metallicity stars, which could result from a mixture of formation sites. We analysed the abundances of yttrium, europium, magnesium, and iron in MilkyWay satellite galaxies, field halo stars, and globular clusters. The chemical information was complemented by orbital parameters based on Gaia data. In particular, we considered the average inclination of the orbits. The [Y/Eu] abundance behaviour with respect to the [Mg/Fe] turnovers for satellite galaxies of various masses reveals that higher-luminosity systems, for which the [Mg/Fe] abundance declines at higher metallicities, present enhanced [Y/Eu] abundances, particularly in the [Fe/H] regime between -2.25dex and -1.25dex. In addition, the analysis has uncovered a chemo-dynamical correlation for both globular clusters and field stars of the Galactic halo, accounting for about half of the [Y/Eu] abundance spread. In particular, [Y/Eu] under-abundances typical of protracted chemical evolutions are preferentially observed in polar-like orbits, pointing to a possible anisotropy in the accretion processes. Our results strongly suggest that the observed [Y/Eu] abundance spread in the Milky Way halo could result from a mixture of systems with different masses. They also highlight that both nature and nurture are relevant to the formation of the Milky Way since its primordial epochs, thereby opening new pathways for chemical diagnostics of the build-up of our Galaxy.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/158/192
- Title:
- He II emission from Wolf-Rayet stars in MW & LMC
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/158/192
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We calibrated a technique to measure dust attenuation in star-forming galaxies. The technique utilizes the stellar-wind lines in Wolf-Rayet stars, which are widely observed in galaxy spectra. The He II 1640 and 4686 features are recombination lines whose ratio is largely determined by atomic physics. Therefore they can serve as a stellar dust probe in the same way as the Balmer lines are used as a nebular probe. We measured the strength of the He II 1640 line in 97 Wolf-Rayet stars in the Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud. The reddening corrected fluxes follow a tight correlation with a fixed ratio of 7.76 for the He II 1640 to 4686 line ratio. Dust attenuation decreases this ratio. We provide a relation between the stellar E(B-V) and the observed line ratio for several attenuation laws. Combining this technique with the use of the nebular Balmer decrement allows the determination of the stellar and nebular dust attenuation in galaxies and can probe its effects at different stellar age and mass regimes, independently of the initial mass function and the star formation history. We derived the dust reddening from the He II line fluxes and compared it to the reddening from the Balmer decrement and from the slope of the ultraviolet continuum in two star-forming galaxies. The three methods result in dust attenuations which agree to within the errors. Future application of this technique permits studies of the stellar dust attenuation compared to the nebular attenuation in a representative galaxy sample.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/814/133
- Title:
- Herschel Galactic plane survey of [NII]
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/814/133
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first large-scale high angular resolution survey of ionized nitrogen in the Galactic Plane through emission of its two fine structure transitions ([N II]) at 122 and 205 {mu}m. The observations were largely obtained with the PACS instrument onboard the Herschel Space Observatory. The lines of sight were in the Galactic plane, following those of the Herschel OTKP project GOT C+. Both lines are reliably detected at the 10^-8^-10^-7^ W/m^2^/sr level over the range -60{deg}<=l<=60{deg}. The rms of the intensity among the 25 PACS spaxels of a given pointing is typically less than one third of the mean intensity, showing that the emission is extended. [N II] is produced in gas in which hydrogen is ionized, and collisional excitation is by electrons. The ratio of the two fine structure transitions provides a direct measurement of the electron density, yielding n(e) largely in the range 10-50 cm^-3^ with an average value of 29 cm^-3^ and N^+^ column densities 10^16^-10^17^ cm^-2^. [N II] emission is highly correlated with that of [C II], and we calculate that between 1/3 and 1/2 of the [C II] emission is associated with the ionized gas. The relatively high electron densities indicate that the source of the [N II] emission is not the warm ionized medium (WIM), which has electron densities more than 100 times smaller. Possible origins of the observed [N II] include the ionized surfaces of dense atomic and molecular clouds, the extended low-density envelopes of H II regions, and low-filling factor high-density fluctuations of the WIM.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/612/A1
- Title:
- H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/612/A1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of the most comprehensive survey of the Galactic plane in very high-energy (VHE) gamma-rays, including a public release of Galactic sky maps, a catalog of VHE sources, and the discovery of 16 new sources of VHE gamma-rays. The High Energy Spectroscopic System (H.E.S.S.) Galactic plane survey (HGPS) was a decade-long observation program carried out by the H.E.S.S. I array of Cherenkov telescopes in Namibia from 2004 to 2013. The observations amount to nearly 2700 h of quality-selected data, covering the Galactic plane at longitudes from l=250{deg} to 65{deg} and latitudes |b|<=3. In addition to the unprecedented spatial coverage, the HGPS also features a relatively high angular resolution (0.08{deg}~5-arcmin mean point spread function 68% containment radius), sensitivity (1.5% Crab flux for point-like sources), and energy range (0.2-100TeV). We constructed a catalog of VHE gamma-ray sources from the HGPS data set with a systematic procedure for both source detection and characterization of morphology and spectrum. We present this likelihood- based method in detail, including the introduction of a model component to account for unresolved, large-scale emission along the Galactic plane. In total, the resulting HGPS catalog contains 78 VHE sources, of which 14 are not reanalyzed here, for example, due to their complex morphology, namely shell-like sources and the Galactic center region. Where possible, we provide a firm identification of the VHE source or plausible associations with sources in other astronomical catalogs. We also studied the characteristics of the VHE sources with source parameter distributions. 16 new sources were previously unknown or unpublished, and we individually discuss their identifications or possible associations. We firmly identified 31 sources as pulsar wind nebulae (PWNe), supernova remnants (SNRs), composite SNRs, or gamma-ray binaries. Among the 47 sources not yet identified, most of them (36) have possible associations with cataloged objects, notably PWNe and energetic pulsars that could power VHE PWNe.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/612/A3
- Title:
- HESS Galactic supernova remnants
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/612/A3
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Shell-type supernova remnants (SNRs) are considered prime candidates for the acceleration of Galactic cosmic rays (CRs) up to the knee of the CR spectrum at E~=3x10^15^eV. Our Milky Way galaxy hosts more than 350 SNRs discovered at radio wavelengths and at high energies, of which 220 fall into the H.E.S.S. Galactic Plane Survey (HGPS) region. Of those, only 50 SNRs are coincident with a H.E.S.S source and in 8 cases the very high-energy (VHE) emission is firmly identified as an SNR. The H.E.S.S. GPS provides us with a legacy for SNR population study in VHE {gamma}-rays and we use this rich data set to extract VHE flux upper limits from all undetected SNRs. Overall, the derived flux upper limits are not in contradiction with the canonical CR paradigm. Assuming this paradigm holds true, we can constrain typical ambient density values around shell-type SNRs to n<=7cm^-3^ and electron-to-proton energy fractions above 10TeV to {epsilon}_ep_<=5x10^-3^. Furthermore, comparisons of VHE with radio luminosities in non-interacting SNRs reveal a behaviour that is in agreement with the theory of magnetic field amplification at shell-type SNRs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/770/L4
- Title:
- HI clouds around the Galactic Center
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/770/L4
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We describe a population of small, high-velocity, atomic hydrogen clouds, loops, and filaments found above and below the disk near the Galactic center. The objects have a mean radius of 15pc, velocity widths of ~14km/s, and are observed at |z| heights up to 700pc. The velocity distribution of the clouds shows no signature of Galactic rotation. We propose a scenario where the clouds are associated with an outflow from a central star-forming region at the Galactic center. We discuss the clouds as entrained material traveling at ~200km/s in a Galactic wind.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/722/367
- Title:
- HI clouds in Quadrant I of the Milky Way
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/722/367
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using 21cm HI observations from the Parkes Radio Telescope's Galactic All-Sky Survey, we measure 255 HI clouds in the lower Galactic halo that are located near the tangent points at 16.9<=l<=35.3{deg} and |b|<~20{deg}. The clouds have a median mass of 700M_{sun}_ and a median distance from the Galactic plane of 660pc.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/173/85
- Title:
- HI 21cm forbidden-velocity wings
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/173/85
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a search for faint HI 21cm emission line wings at velocities forbidden by Galactic rotation in the Galactic plane using the Leiden/Dwingeloo HI Survey data and the HI Southern Galactic Plane Survey data. These "forbidden-velocity wings" (FVWs) appear as protruding excessive emission in comparison with their surroundings in limited (>~2{deg}) spatial regions over velocity extents of more than ~20km/s in large-scale (l,v) diagrams. Their high velocities imply that there should be some dynamical phenomena associated. We have identified 87 FVWs. We present their catalog and discuss their distribution and statistical properties. We found that 85% of FVWs are not coincident with known supernova remnants (SNRs), galaxies, or high-velocity clouds. Their natures are currently unknown.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/597/A114
- Title:
- Hi-GAL cluster candidates physical properties
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/597/A114
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The aims are to investigate the clustering of the far-infrared sources from the Herschel infrared Galactic Plane Survey (Hi-GAL) in the Galactic longitude range of -71 to 67{deg}. These clumps, and their spatial distribution, are an imprint of the original conditions within a molecular cloud. This will produce a catalogue of over-densities. The minimum spanning tree (MST) method was used to identify the over-densities in two dimensions. The catalogue was further refined by folding in heliocentric distances, resulting in more reliable over-densities, which are cluster candidates. We found 1633 over-densities with more than ten members. Of these, 496 are defined as cluster candidates because of the reliability of the distances, with a further 1,137 potential cluster candidates. The spatial distributions of the cluster candidates are different in the first and fourth quadrants, with all clusters following the spiral structure of the Milky Way. The cluster candidates are fractal. The clump mass functions of the clustered and isolated are statistically indistinguishable from each other and are consistent with Kroupa's initial mass function.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/471/100
- Title:
- Hi-GAL compact source catalog. -71.0<l<67.0
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/471/100
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Hi-GAL (Herschel InfraRed Galactic Plane Survey) is a large-scale survey of the Galactic plane, performed with Herschelin five infrared continuum bands between 70 and 500{mu}m. We present a band-merged catalogue of spatially matched sources and their properties derived from fits to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and heliocentric distances, based on the photometric catalogues presented in Molinari et al., covering the portion of Galactic plane -71.0{deg}<l<67.0{deg}. The band-merged catalogue contains 100 922 sources with a regular SED, 24584 of which show a 70-{mu}m counterpart and are thus considered protostellar, while the remainder are considered starless. Thanks to this huge number of sources, we are able to carry out a preliminary analysis of early stages of star formation, identifying the conditions that characterize different evolutionary phases on a statistically significant basis. We calculate surface densities to investigate the gravitational stability of clumps and their potential to form massive stars. We also explore evolutionary status metrics such as the dust temperature, luminosity and bolometric temperature, finding that these are higher in protostellar sources compared to pre-stellar ones. The surface density of sources follows an increasing trend as they evolve from pre-stellar to protostellar, but then it is found to decrease again in the majority of the most evolved clumps. Finally, we study the physical parameters of sources with respect to Galactic longitude and the association with spiral arms, finding only minor or no differences between the average evolutionary status of sources in the fourth and first Galactic quadrants, or between 'on-arm' and 'interarm' positions.
