- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/831/73
- Title:
- Galactic MCs associated with HII regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/831/73
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The relations between star formation and properties of molecular clouds (MCs) are studied based on a sample of star-forming regions in the Galactic Plane. Sources were selected by having radio recombination lines to provide identification of associated MCs and dense clumps. Radio continuum emission and mid-infrared emission were used to determine star formation rates (SFRs), while ^13^CO and submillimeter dust continuum emission were used to obtain the masses of molecular and dense gas, respectively. We test whether total molecular gas or dense gas provides the best predictor of SFR. We also test two specific theoretical models, one relying on the molecular mass divided by the free-fall time, the other using the free-fall time divided by the crossing time. Neither is supported by the data. The data are also compared to those from nearby star-forming regions and extragalactic data. The star formation "efficiency," defined as SFR divided by mass, spreads over a large range when the mass refers to molecular gas; the standard deviation of the log of the efficiency decreases by a factor of three when the mass of relatively dense molecular gas is used rather than the mass of all of the molecular gas.
Number of results to display per page
Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/564/A111
- Title:
- Galactic plane dust temperature maps with Herschel
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/564/A111
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Dust grains absorb the interstellar far ultra-violet and visible photons and re-emit them in far-infrared (FIR) wavebands. The dust FIR continuum can be predicted by a grid of models using various values of the interstellar radiation field. We analyze the dust continuum emission in two Hi-GAL science-demonstration phase (SDP) fields using both the radiative transfer code, Cloudy, and the DustEM dust model, to explore the effect of radiative transfer on dust temperature. The 500um sub-millimeter excess emission and the very small grain (VSG) contribution to the 70um intensity are investigated by spectral energy distribution (SED) fitting using the Cloudy model.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/763/127
- Title:
- Galaxy clusters discovered in the SPT survey
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/763/127
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a catalog of galaxy cluster candidates, selected through their Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (SZ) effect signature in the first 720deg^2^ of the South Pole Telescope (SPT) survey. This area was mapped with the SPT in the 2008 and 2009 austral winters to a depth of ~18{mu}K_CMB_-arcmin at 150GHz; 550deg^2^ of it was also mapped to ~44{mu}K_CMB_-arcmin at 95GHz. Based on optical imaging of all 224 candidates and near-infrared imaging of the majority of candidates, we have found optical and/or infrared counterparts for 158, which we then classify as confirmed galaxy clusters. Of these 158 clusters, 135 were first identified as clusters in SPT data, including 117 new discoveries reported in this work. This catalog triples the number of confirmed galaxy clusters discovered through the SZ effect. We report photometrically derived (and in some cases spectroscopic) redshifts for confirmed clusters and redshift lower limits for the remaining candidates. The catalog extends to high redshift with a median redshift of z=0.55 and maximum confirmed redshift of z=1.37. Forty-five of the clusters have counterparts in the ROSAT bright or faint source catalogs from which we estimate X-ray fluxes. Based on simulations, we expect the catalog to be nearly 100% complete above M_500_{approx}5x10^14^M_{sun}_h^-1^_70_ at z>~0.6. There are 121 candidates detected at signal-to-noise ratio greater than five, at which the catalog purity is measured to be 95%.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/530/A118
- Title:
- G29.96-0.02 and G35.20-1.74 1mm and 3mm maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/530/A118
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Most work on high-mass star formation has focused on observations of young massive stars in protoclusters. Very little is known about the preceding stage. Here, we present a new high-resolution study of pre-protocluster regions in tracers exclusively probing the coldest and dense gas (NH_2_ D). The two target regions G29.96-0.02 and G35.20-1.74 (W48) are drawn from the SCAMPS project, which searches for pre-protoclusters near known ultracompact HII regions. We used our data to constrain the chemical, thermal, kinematic, and physical conditions (i.e., densities) in G29.96e and G35.20w. NH_3_, NH_2_ D, HCO^+^, and continuum emission were mapped using the VLA, PdBI, and BIMA.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/527/A135
- Title:
- Gas dynamics in Massive Dense Cores in Cygnus-X
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/527/A135
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We studied the kinematic properties of dense gas surrounding massive protostars in a sample of five Massive Dense Cores (MDCs) in Cygnus-X. The aim is to investigate whether turbulent support plays a major role in stabilizing the cores against a rapid fragmentation into Jeans-mass objects. Alternatively the observed kinematics could indicate a high level of dynamics suggesting that the cores are actually not in equilibrium and dynamical processes could be the main driver to build up the final stellar masses.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/656/A101
- Title:
- G305 Giant Molecular Cloud II. Clump properties
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/656/A101
- Date:
- 21 Mar 2022 07:03:46
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- G305 star-forming complex was observed in the 3-2 lines of 12 & 13CO to investigate the effect of feedback from the central OB stars on the complex. The region was decomposed into clumps using dendrogram analysis. A catalog of clump properties was created. The surface mass densities of the clumps were plotted as a function of the incident 8um flux. A mask of the region with 8um flux >100MJy/sr was created and clumps were categorized based on the extent of overlap with the mask into "mostly inside", "partly inside" & "outside". The surface mass density distribution of each of these populations were plotted. This was followed by comparing G305 clumps with the Galactic average taken from the ATLASGAL and CHIMPS clumps. Finally, the cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of the clump masses in G305 & their L/M ratios were compared to that of the Galactic sample. The surface mass densities of clumps showed a positive correlation with incident 8um flux. The data did not have sufficient velocity resolution to discern the effects of feedback on the linewidths of the clumps. The sub-sample of clumps named "mostly inside" had the highest surface mass densities followed by "partly -inside" and "outside" sub-samples. These differences between the three sub-samples were shown to be statistically significant using the KS test. The "mostly inside" sample also showed the highest level of fragmentation compared to the other two. These prove that clumps inside the G305 region are triggered. The G305 clump population is also statistically different from the Galactic average population rejecting redistribution as a likely consequence of feedback. The CDFs of clump masses and their L/M ratios are both flatter than the Galactic average, indicating that feedback in G305 has triggered star formation. The collect & collapse method is the dominant mechanism at play in G305.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/731/100
- Title:
- 148GHz ACT extragalactic sources catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/731/100
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report on extragalactic sources detected in a 455deg^2^ map of the southern sky made with data at a frequency of 148GHz from the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) 2008 observing season. We provide a catalog of 157 sources with flux densities spanning two orders of magnitude: from 15mJy to 1500mJy. Comparison to other catalogs shows that 98% of the ACT detections correspond to sources detected at lower radio frequencies. Three of the sources appear to be associated with the brightest cluster galaxies of low-redshift X-ray-selected galaxy clusters. Estimates of the radio to millimeter-wave spectral indices and differential counts of the sources further bolster the hypothesis that they are nearly all radio sources, and that their emission is not dominated by re-emission from warm dust. In a bright (>50mJy) 148GHz selected sample with complete cross-identifications from the Australia Telescope 20GHz survey, we observe an average steepening of the spectra between 5, 20, and 148GHz with median spectral indices of {alpha}_5-20_=-0.07+/-0.06, {alpha}_20-148_=-0.39+/-0.04, and {alpha}_5-148_=-0.20+/-0.03. When the measured spectral indices are taken into account, the 148GHz differential source counts are consistent with previous measurements at 30GHz in the context of a source count model dominated by radio sources. Extrapolating with an appropriately rescaled model for the radio source counts, the Poisson contribution to the spatial power spectrum from synchrotron-dominated sources with flux density less than 20mJy is C^Sync^=(2.8+/-0.3)x10^-6^{mu}K^2^.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/200/5
- Title:
- 95GHz class I methanol maser survey
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/200/5
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report a survey with the Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7m radio telescope for class I methanol masers from the 95GHz (8_0_-7_1_A^+^) transition. Two hundred and fourteen target sources were selected by combining information from both the Spitzer GLIMPSE and 1.1mm Bolocam Galactic Plane Survey (BGPS) catalogs. The observed sources satisfy the GLIMPSE mid-IR criteria of [3.6]-[4.5]>1.3, [3.6]-[5.8]>2.5, [3.6]-[8.0]>2.5 and 8.0um mag less than 10; they also have an associated 1.1mm BGPS source. Class I methanol maser emission was detected in 63 sources, corresponding to a detection rate of 29% for this survey. For the majority of detections (43), this is the first identification of class I methanol masers associated with these sources. We show that the intensity of the class I methanol maser emission is not closely related to mid-IR intensity or the colors of the GLIMPSE point sources; however, it is closely correlated with properties (mass and beam-averaged column density) of the BGPS sources. Comparison of measures of star formation activity for the BGPS sources with and without class I methanol masers indicates that the sources with class I methanol masers usually have higher column density and larger flux density than those without them.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/196/9
- Title:
- 95GHz methanol maser survey toward GLIMPSE EGOs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/196/9
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the results of a systematic survey for 95GHz class I methanol masers toward a new sample of 192 massive young stellar object candidates associated with ongoing outflows (known as extended green objects or EGOs) identified from the Spitzer Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) survey. The observations were made with the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF) Mopra 22m radio telescope and resulted in the detection of 105 new 95GHz class I methanol masers. For 92 of the sources our observations provide the first identification of a class I maser transition associated with these objects (i.e., they are new class I methanol maser sources). Our survey proves that there is indeed a high detection rate (55%) of class I methanol masers toward EGOs. Comparison of the GLIMPSE point sources associated with EGOs with and without class I methanol maser detections shows that they have similar mid-IR colors, with the majority meeting the color selection criteria -0.6<[5.8]-[8.0]<1.4 and 0.5<[3.6]-[4.5]<4.0. Investigations of the Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer 24um colors and the associated millimeter dust clump properties (mass and density) of the EGOs for the sub-samples based on the class of methanol masers they are associated with suggest that the stellar mass range associated with class I methanol masers extends to lower masses than for class II methanol masers, or alternatively class I methanol masers may be associated with more than one evolutionary phase during the formation of a high-mass star.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/835/3
- Title:
- 218GHz obs. of embedded protostars in Ophiuchus
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/835/3
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present APEX 218GHz observations of molecular emission in a complete sample of embedded protostars in the Ophiuchus star-forming region. To study the physical properties of the cores, we calculate H_2_CO and c-C_3_H_2_ rotational temperatures, both of which are good tracers of the kinetic temperature of the molecular gas. We find that the H_2_CO temperatures range between 16K and 124K, with the highest H_2_CO temperatures toward the hot corino source IRAS 16293-2422 (69-124K) and the sources in the {rho} Oph A cloud (23-49K) located close to the luminous Herbig Be star S1, which externally irradiates the {rho} Oph A cores. On the other hand, the c-C_3_H_2_ rotational temperature is consistently low (7-17K) in all sources. Our results indicate that the c-C_3_H_2_ emission is primarily tracing more shielded parts of the envelope whereas the H_2_CO emission (at the angular scale of the APEX beam; 3600 au in Ophiuchus) mainly traces the outer irradiated envelopes, apart from in IRAS 16293-2422, where the hot corino emission dominates. In some sources, a secondary velocity component is also seen, possibly tracing the molecular outflow.
