- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/671/605
- Title:
- NGC 2264 and ONC PMS stars in the infrared
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/671/605
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Observations of pre-main-sequence star rotation periods reveal slow rotators in young clusters of various ages, indicating that angular momentum is somehow removed from these rotating masses. The mechanism by which spin-up is regulated as young stars contract has been one of the longest standing problems in star formation. Attempts to observationally confirm the prevailing theory that magnetic interaction between the star and its circumstellar disk regulates these rotation periods have produced mixed results. In this paper, we use the unprecedented disk identification capability of the Spitzer Space Telescope to test the star-disk interaction paradigm in two young clusters, NGC 2264 and the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC).
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/645/A94
- Title:
- NGC 2264 clumps column densities
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/645/A94
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The mass segregation of stellar clusters could be primordial rather than dynamical. Despite the abundance of studies of mass segregation for stellar clusters, those for stellar progenitors are still scarce, so the question on the origin and evolution of mass segregation is still open. Our goal is to characterize the structure of the NGC 2264 molecular cloud and compare the populations of clumps and young stellar objects (YSOs) in this region whose rich YSO population has shown evidence of sequential star formation. We separated the Herschel column density map of NGC 2264 in three subregions and compared their cloud power spectra using a multiscale segmentation technique. We identified in the whole NGC 2264 cloud a population of 256 clumps with typical sizes of ~0.1pc and masses ranging from 0.08M_{sun}_ to 53M_{sun}_. Although clumps have been detected all over the cloud, the central subregion of NGC 2264 concentrates most of the massive, bound clumps. The local surface density and the mass segregation ratio indeed indicate a strong degree of mass segregation for the 15 most massive clumps, with a median Sigma_6 _three time that of the whole clumps population and Lambda_MSR_ about 8. We showed that this cluster of massive clumps is forming within a high-density cloud ridge, itself formed and probably still fed by the high concentration of gas observed on larger scales in the central subregion. The time sequence obtained from the combined study of the clump and YSO populations in NGC 2264 suggests that the star formation started in the northern subregion, that it is now actively developing at the center and will soon start in the southern subregion. Taken together, the cloud structure and the clump and YSO populations in NGC 2264 argue for a dynamical scenario of star formation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/420/2884
- Title:
- NGC 1960 IRAC and MIPS photometry
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/420/2884
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an analysis of Spitzer IRAC (3.6-8um) and MIPS (24um) imaging of members of the 16^+10^_-5_ Myr old open cluster NGC 1960 (M36). Models of terrestrial planet formation indicate that rocky planets are likely to achieve their final masses at around 10-30Myr, and thus this cluster is at an interesting epoch for planet formation. We find 21 B-F5 type stars and 14 F6-K9 type stars which have 24um excess emission, and thus determine that >30 per cent of B-F5 type stars and >23 per cent of F6-K9 type stars in this cluster have 24um excess emission. These excess frequencies are similar to those observed in other clusters of similar age. Three early-type stars have excesses at near-infrared wavelengths. Analysis of their spectral energy distributions confirms that these are true debris discs and not remnant primordial or transitional discs. None of the 61 Sun-like stars has confirmed near-infrared excess, and we can place a limit on the frequency of 8um excess emission around Sun-like stars of <7 per cent. All of the detected excesses are consistent with emission from debris discs and are not primordial.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/563/L1
- Title:
- NGC1333-IRAS2A CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI 1mm and 3mm maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/563/L1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The structure and kinematics of Class 0 protostars on scales of a few hundred AU is poorly known. Recent observations have revealed the presence of Keplerian disks with a diameter of 150-180AU in L1527-IRS and VLA1623A, but it is not clear if such disks are common in Class 0 protostars. Here we present high-angular-resolution observations of two methanol lines in NGC1333-IRAS2A. We argue that these lines probe the inner envelope, and we use them to study the kinematics of this region. Our observations suggest the presence of a marginal velocity gradient normal to the direction of the outflow. However, the position velocity diagrams along the gradient direction appear inconsistent with a Keplerian disk. Instead, we suggest that the emission originates from the infalling and perhaps slowly rotating envelope, around a central protostar of 0.1-0.2M_{sun}_. If a disk is present, it is smaller than the disks of L1527-IRS and VLA1623A, perhaps suggesting that NGC1333-IRAS2A is younger.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/563/L2
- Title:
- NGC1333-IRAS2A CALYPSO IRAM-PdBI 1mm maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/563/L2
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We investigate the origin of complex organic molecules (COMs) in the gas phase around the low-mass Class 0 protostar NGC 1333-IRAS2A, to determine if the COM emission lines trace an embedded disk, shocks from the protostellar jet, or the warm inner parts of the protostellar envelope. In the framework of the CALYPSO IRAM Plateau de Bure survey, we obtained large bandwidth spectra at sub-arcsecond resolution towards NGC 1333-IRAS2A. We identify the emission lines towards the central protostar and perform Gaussian fits to constrain the size of the emitting region for each of these lines, tracing various physical conditions and scales.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/558/A58
- Title:
- NGC 1333-IRAS 4A C^18^O, NO and O_2_ spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/558/A58
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- According to traditional gas-phase chemical models, O_2_ should be abundant in molecular clouds, but until recently, attempts to detect interstellar O_2_ line emission with ground- and space-based observatories have failed. Following the multi-line detections of O_2_ with low abundances in the Orion and rho Oph A molecular clouds with Herschel, it is important to investigate other environments, and we here quantify the O_2_ abundance near a solar-mass protostar. Observations of molecular oxygen, O_2_, at 487GHz toward a deeply embedded low-mass Class 0 protostar, NGC 1333-IRAS 4A, are presented, using the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared (HIFI) on the Herschel Space Observatory. Complementary data of the chemically related NO and CO molecules are obtained as well. The high spectral resolution data are analysed using radiative transfer models to infer column densities and abundances, and are tested directly against full gas-grain chemical models. The deep HIFI spectrum fails to show O_2_ at the velocity of the dense protostellar envelope, implying one of the lowest abundance upper limits of O_2_/H_2_ at <6x10^-3^ (3 sigma). The O_2_/CO abundance ratio is less than 0.005. However, a tentative (4.5 sigma) detection of O_2_ is seen at the velocity of the surrounding NGC1333 molecular cloud, shifted by 1km/s relative to the protostar. For the protostellar envelope, pure gas-phase models and gas-grain chemical models require a long pre-collapse phase (~0.7-1x10^6^-years), during which atomic and molecular oxygen are frozen out onto dust grains and fully converted to H_2_O, to avoid overproduction of O_2_ in the dense envelope. The same model also reproduces the limits on the chemically related NO molecule if hydrogenation of NO on the grains to more complex molecules such as NH_2_OH, found in recent laboratory experiments, is included. The tentative detection of O_2_ in the surrounding cloud is consistent with a low-density PDR model with small changes in reaction rates. The low O_2_ abundance in the collapsing envelope around a low-mass protostar suggests that the gas and ice entering protoplanetary disks is very poor in O_2_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/613/A29
- Title:
- NGC1333-IRAS2A water snowline imaging
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/613/A29
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Snowlines are key ingredients for planet formation. Providing observational constraints on the locations of the major snowlines is therefore crucial for fully connecting planet compositions to their formation mechanism. Unfortunately, the most important snowline, that of water, is very difficult to observe directly in protoplanetary disks due to its close proximity to the central star. Based on chemical considerations, HCO^+^ is predicted to be a good chemical tracer of the water snowline, because it is particularly abundant in dense clouds when water is frozen out. This work aims to map the optically thin isotopologue H^13^CO^+^ toward the envelope of the low-mass protostar NGC1333-IRAS2A, where the snowline is at larger distance from the star than in disks. Comparison with previous observations of H_2_^18^O will show whether H^13^CO^+^ is indeed a good tracer of the water snowline. NGC1333-IRAS2A was observed using NOEMA at ~0.9 arcsec resolution, targeting the H^13^CO^+^ J=3-2 transition at 260.255GHz. The integrated emission profile was analyzed using 1D radiative transfer modeling of a spherical envelope with a parametrized abundance profile for H^13^CO^+^. This profile was validated with a full chemical model. The H^13^CO^+^ emission peaks ~2-arcsec northeast of the continuum peak, whereas H_2_^18^O shows compact emission on source. Quantitative modeling shows that a decrease in H13CO+ abundance by at least a factor of six is needed in the inner ~360AU to reproduce the observed emission profile. Chemical modeling predicts indeed a steep increase in HCO^+^ just outside the water snowline; the 50% decrease in gaseous H_2_O at the snowline is not enough to allow HCO^+^ to be abundant. This places the water snowline at 225AU, further away from the star than expected based on the 1D envelope temperature structure for NGC1333-IRAS2A. In contrast, DCO^+^ observations show that the CO snowline is at the expected location, making an outburst scenario unlikely. The spatial anticorrelation of the H^13^CO^+^ and H_2_^18^O emission provide a proof of concept that H^13^CO^+^ can be used as a tracer of the water snowline.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/543/A88
- Title:
- NGC7538IRS1 and NGC7538S 1.36mm maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/543/A88
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The nature of embedded accretion disks around forming high-mass stars is one of the missing puzzle pieces for a general understanding of the formation of the most massive and luminous stars. We want to dissect the small-scale structure of the dust continuum and kinematic gas emission toward two of the most prominent high-mass disk candidates.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/558/A81
- Title:
- NGC 7538 IRS1 maps in CH3OH, HCN and HCO+
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/558/A81
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Revealing the fragmentation, infall, and outflow processes in the immediate environment around massive young stellar objects is crucial for understanding the formation of the most massive stars. With this goal in mind we present the so far highest spatial-resolution thermal submm line and continuum observations toward the young high-mass protostar NGC 7538 IRS1. Using the Plateau de Bure Interferometer in its most extended configuration at 843um wavelength, we achieved a spatial resolution of 0.2"x0.17", corresponding to ~500AU at a distance of 2.7kpc.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/605/A61
- Title:
- NGC 7538 IRS1 VLA maps in CH_3_OH and NH_3_
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/605/A61
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- High-mass stars have a high degree of multiplicity and most likely form via disk accretion processes. The detailed physics of the binary and disk formation are still poorly constrained. We seek to resolve the central substructures of the prototypical high-mass star-forming region NGC7538IRS1 at the highest possible spatial resolution line and continuum emission to investigate the protostellar environment and kinematics. Using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) in its most extended configuration at ~24GHz has allowed us to study the NH_3_ and thermal CH_3_OH emission and absorption as well as the cm continuum emission at an unprecedented spatial resolution of 0.06"x0.05", corresponding to a linear resolution of ~150AU at a distance of 2.7kpc.
