- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/568/A41
- Title:
- ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 280<l<60
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/568/A41
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) is the largest and most sensitive systematic survey of the inner Galactic plane in the submillimetre wavelength regime. The observations were carried out with the Large APEX Bolometer Camera (LABOCA), an array of 295 bolometers observing at 870um (345GHz). In this research note we present the compact source catalogue for the 280{deg}<l<330{deg}and 21{deg}<l<60{deg}regions of this survey. The construction of this catalogue was made with the source extraction routine SExtractor using the same input parameters and procedures as used to analyse the inner Galaxy region presented in an earlier publication (i.e., 330{deg}<l<21{deg}). We have identified 3523 compact sources and present a catalogue of their properties. When combined with the regions already published (see Contreras et al., 2013, Cat. J/A+A/549/A45), this provides a comprehensive and unbiased database of ~10163 massive, dense clumps located across the inner Galaxy.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/549/A45
- Title:
- ATLASGAL Compact Source Catalog: 330<l<21
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/549/A45
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The ATLASGAL compact source catalog is based on the ATLASGAL survey. This survey was made using the LABOCA bolometer array at APEX, at 870-microns covering the Galactic Plane between 330 degrees and 21-degrees in Galactic longitude and -1.5 to +1.5-degrees in Galactic Latitude. This catalog was created using SEXTRACTOR and contains 6639 sources, with a 99% completeness for sources with peak flux above 6{sigma}.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/649/A21
- Title:
- ATLASGAL deuteration of ammonia
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/649/A21
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Deuteration has been used as a tracer of the evolutionary phases of low- and high-mass star formation. The APEX Telescope Large Area Survey (ATLASGAL) provides an important repository for a detailed statistical study of massive star-forming clumps in the inner Galactic disc at different evolutionary phases. We study the amount of deuteration using NH_2_D in a representative sample of high-mass clumps discovered by the ATLASGAL survey covering various evolutionary phases of massive star formation. The deuterium fraction of NH_3_ is derived from the NH_2_D 1_11_-1_01_ortho transition at ~86GHz and NH_2_D 1_11_-1_01_para line at ~110GHz. This is refined for the first time by measuring the NH_2_D excitation temperature directly with the NH_2_D 2_12_-2_02_para transition at ~74GHz. Any variation of NH_3_ deuteration and ortho-to-para ratio with the evolutionary sequence is analysed. Unbiased spectral line surveys at 3mm were conducted towards ATLASGAL clumps between 85 and 93GHz with the Mopra telescope and from 84 to 115GHz using the IRAM 30m telescope. A subsample was followed up in the NH_2_D transition at 74GHz with the IRAM 30m telescope. We determined the deuterium fractionation from the column density ratio of NH_2_D and NH_3_ and measured the NH_2_D excitation temperature for the first time from the simultaneous modelling of the 74 and 110GHz line using MCWeeds. We searched for trends in NH_3_ deuteration with the evolutionary sequence of massive star formation. We derived the column density ratio from the 86 and 110GHz transitions as an estimate of the NH_2_D ortho-to-para ratio. We find a large range of the NH_2_D to NH_3_ column density ratio up to 1.6+/-0.7 indicating a high degree of NH_3_ deuteration in a subsample of the clumps. Our analysis yields a clear difference between NH_3_ and NH_2_D rotational temperatures for a fraction. We therefore advocate observation of the NH_2_D transitions at 74 and 110GHz simultaneously to determine the NH_2_D temperature directly. We determine a median ortho-to-para column density ratio of 3.7+/-1.2. The high detection rate of NH_2_D confirms a high deuteration previously found in massive star-forming clumps. Using the excitation temperature of NH_2_D instead of NH_3_ is needed to avoid an overestimation of deuteration. We measure a higher detection rate of NH_2_D in sources at early evolutionary stages. The deuterium fractionation shows no correlation with evolutionary tracers such as the NH_3_ (1,1) line width, or rotational temperature.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/565/A75
- Title:
- ATLASGAL: dust condensations in Galactic plane
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/565/A75
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The formation processes and the evolutionary stages of high-mass stars are poorly understood compared to low-mass stars. Large-scale surveys are needed to provide an unbiased census of high column density sites which can potentially host precursors to high-mass stars. The ATLASGAL survey covers 420 sq. degree of the Galactic plane, between -80{deg}<l<+60{deg} at 870um. Here we identify the population of embedded sources throughout the inner Galaxy. With this catalog we first investigate the general statistical properties of dust condensations in terms of their observed parameters, such as flux density and angular size. Then using mid-IR surveys we aim to investigate their star-formation activity and the Galactic distribution of star-forming and quiescent clumps. Our ultimate goal is to determine the statistical properties of quiescent and star-forming clumps within the Galaxy and to constrain the star-formation processes. We optimized the source extraction method, referred to as MRE-GCL, for the ATLASGAL maps in order to generate a catalog of compact sources. This technique is based on a multi-scale filtering to remove extended emission from clouds to better determine the parameters corresponding to the embedded compact sources. In a second step we extract the sources by fitting 2D Gaussians with the Gaussclumps algorithm.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/431/1752
- Title:
- ATLASGAL 6.7GHz methanol masers
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/431/1752
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using the 870um APEX Telescope large area survey of the Galaxy, we have identified 577 submillimetre continuum sources with masers from the methanol multibeam survey in the region 280{deg}<l<20{deg}; |b|<1.5{deg}. 94 per cent of methanol masers in the region are associated with submillimetre dust emission. We estimate masses for ~450 maser-associated sources and find that methanol masers are preferentially associated with massive clumps. These clumps are centrally condensed, with envelope structures that appear to be scale-free, the mean maser position being offset from the peak column density by 0+/-4 arcsec. Assuming a Kroupa initial mass function and a star formation efficiency of ~30 per cent, we find that over two-thirds of the clumps are likely to form clusters with masses >20M_{sun}_. Furthermore, almost all clumps satisfy the empirical mass-size criterion for massive star formation. Bolometric luminosities taken from the literature for ~100 clumps range between ~100 and 10^6^L_{sun}_. This confirms the link between methanol masers and massive young stars for 90 per cent of our sample. The Galactic distribution of sources suggests that the star formation efficiency is significantly reduced in the Galactic Centre region, compared to the rest of the survey area, where it is broadly constant, and shows a significant drop in the massive star formation rate density in the outer Galaxy.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/599/A139
- Title:
- ATLASGAL massive clumps dust characterization
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/599/A139
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The ATLASGAL survey provides an ideal basis for detailed studies of large numbers of massive star forming clumps covering the whole range of evolutionary stages. The ATLASGAL Top100 is a sample of clumps selected from their infrared and radio properties to be representative for the whole range of evolutionary stages. The ATLASGAL Top100 sources are the focus of a number of detailed follow-up studies that will be presented in a series of papers. In the present work we use the dust continuum emission to constrain the physical properties of this sample and identify trends as a function of source evolution. We determine flux densities from mid-infrared to submm wavelength (8-870micron) images and use these values to fit their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) and determine their dust temperature and flux. Combining these with recent distances from the literature including maser parallax measurements we determine clump masses, luminosities and column densities. We find trends for increasing temperature, luminosity and column density with the proposed evolution sequence, confirming that this sample is representative of different evolutionary stages of massive star formation. We show that most of the sample has the ability to form massive stars (including the most massive O-type stars) and that the majority is gravitationally unstable and hence likely to be collapsing. The highest column density ATLASGAL sources presented cover the whole range of evolutionary stages from the youngest to the most evolved high-mass star forming clumps. Their study provides a unique starting point for more in-depth research on massive star formation in four distinct evolutionary stages whose well defined physical parameters afford more detailed studies. As most of the sample is closer than 5kpc, these sources are also ideal for follow-up observations with high spatial resolution.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/411/102
- Title:
- AzTEC/ASTE 1.1mm observations in the ADF-S
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/411/102
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present results of a 1.1-mm deep survey of the AKARI Deep Field South (ADF-S) with AzTEC mounted on the Atacama Submillimetre Telescope Experiment (ASTE). We obtained a map of 0.25-deg^2^ area with an rms noise level of 0.32-0.71mJy. This is one of the deepest and widest maps thus far at millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths. We uncovered 198 sources with a significance of 3.5{sigma}-15.6{sigma}, providing the largest catalogue of 1.1-mm sources in a contiguous region. Most of the sources are not detected in the far-infrared bands of the AKARI satellite, suggesting that they are mostly at z>=1.5 given the detection limits. We constructed differential and cumulative number counts in the ADF-S, the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field and the SSA 22 field surveyed by AzTEC/ASTE, which provide currently the tightest constraints on the faint end.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/440/3462
- Title:
- AzTEC/ASTE 1.1mm survey of SSA22
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/440/3462
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results from a 1.1-mm imaging survey of the SSA22 field, known for having an overdensity of z=3.1 Lyman{alpha} emitting galaxies (LAEs), taken with the astronomical thermal emission camera (AzTEC) on the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). We imaged a 950-arcmin2 field down to a 1{sigma} sensitivity of 0.7-1.3mJy/beam to find 125 submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) with a signal-to-noise ratio >=3.5. Counterpart identification using radio and near/mid-infrared data was performed and one or more counterpart candidates were found for 59 SMGs. Photometric redshifts based on optical to near-infrared images were evaluated for 45 of these SMGs with Spitzer/IRAC data and the median value is found to be z=2.4. By combining these estimations with estimates from the literature, we determined that 10 SMGs might lie within the large-scale structure at z=3.1. The two-point angular cross-correlation function between LAEs and SMGs indicates that the positions of the SMGs are correlated with the z=3.1 protocluster. These results suggest that the SMGs were formed and evolved selectively in the high dense environment of the high-redshift Universe. This picture is consistent with the predictions of the standard model of hierarchical structure formation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/415/3831
- Title:
- AzTEC/ASTE source catalogue
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/415/3831
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a 0.72deg^2^ contiguous 1.1-mm survey in the central area of the Cosmological Evolution Survey field carried out to a 1{sigma}~1.26mJy/beam depth with the AzTEC camera mounted on the 10-m Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment. We have uncovered 189 candidate sources at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N)>=3.5, out of which 129, with S/N>=4, can be considered to have little chance of being spurious (<~2 per cent). We present the number counts derived with this survey, which show a significant excess of sources when compared to the number counts derived from the ~0.5deg^2^ area sampled at similar depths in the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) HAlf Degree Extragalactic Survey (SHADES).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/835/55
- Title:
- AzTEC/ASTE survey at 1.1mm toward the SMC
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/835/55
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The first 1.1mm continuum survey toward the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) was performed using the AzTEC instrument installed on the ASTE 10m telescope. This survey covered 4.5deg^2^ of the SMC with 1{sigma} noise levels of 5-12mJy/beam, and 44 extended objects were identified. The 1.1mm extended emission has good spatial correlation with Herschel 160{mu}m, indicating that the origin of the 1.1mm extended emission is thermal emission from a cold dust component. We estimated physical properties using the 1.1mm and filtered Herschel data (100, 160, 250, 350, and 500{mu}m). The 1.1mm objects show dust temperatures of 17-45K and gas masses of 4x10^3^-3x10^5^M_{sun}_, assuming single-temperature thermal emission from the cold dust with an emissivity index, {beta}, of 1.2 and a gas-to-dust ratio of 1000. These physical properties are very similar to those of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in our galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud. The 1.1mm objects also displayed good spatial correlation with the Spitzer 24{mu}m and CO emission, suggesting that the 1.1mm objects trace the dense gas regions as sites of massive star formation. The dust temperature of the 1.1mm objects also demonstrated good correlation with the 24{mu}m flux connected to massive star formation. This supports the hypothesis that the heating source of the cold dust is mainly local star-formation activity in the 1.1mm objects. The classification of the 1.1mm objects based on the existence of star-formation activity reveals the differences in the dust temperature, gas mass, and radius, which reflects the evolution sequence of GMCs.
