- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/196/12
- Title:
- First results from Mopra HCO^+^ maps
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/196/12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars (CHaMP) is the first large-scale, unbiased, uniform mapping survey at sub-parsec-scale resolution of 90GHz line emission from massive molecular clumps in the Milky Way. We present the first Mopra (ATNF) maps of the CHaMP survey region (300{deg}>l>280{deg}) in the HCO^+^J=1->0 line, which is usually thought to trace gas at densities up to 10^11^m^-3^. In this paper, we introduce the survey and its strategy, describe the observational and data reduction procedures, and give a complete catalog of moment maps of the HCO^+^J=1->0 emission from the ensemble of 303 massive molecular clumps. From these maps we also derive the physical parameters of the clumps, using standard molecular spectral-line analysis techniques.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/631/A59
- Title:
- Fluctuations of UV background from GALEX
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/631/A59
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The all sky survey run by the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX AIS) mapped about 85 % of the Galaxy at ultraviolet (UV) wavelengths and detected the diffuse UV background produced by the scattering of the radiation from OBA stars by interstellar dust grains. Against this background, diffuse weak structures are detected as well as the UV counterparts to nebulae and molecular clouds. To make full profit of the survey, unsupervised and semi-supervised procedures need to be implemented. The main objective of this work is to implement and analyze the results of the method developed by us for the blind detection of ISM features in the GALEX AIS. Most ISM features are detected at very low signal levels (dark filaments, globules) against the already faint UV background. We have defined an index the UV background fluctuations index (or UBF index) to identify areas of the sky where these fluctuations are detected. The algorithm is applied to the images obtained in the FUV (1344-1786{AA}) band since this is less polluted by stellar sources, facilitating the automated detection. The UBF index is shown to be sensitive to the main star forming regions within the Gould's Belt, as well as to some prominent loops like Loop I or the Eridanus and Monogem areas. The catalogue with the UBF index values is made available on-line to the community.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/633/A147
- Title:
- FQS. Galactic Plane CO survey
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/633/A147
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the Forgotten Quadrant Survey (FQS), an ESO large project that used the 12m antenna of the Arizona Radio Observatory to map the Galactic Plane in the range 220{deg}<l<240{deg}, and -2.5{deg}<b<0{deg}, both in ^12^CO(1-0), and ^13^CO(1-0), at a spectral resolution of 0.65km/s and 0.26km/s. We used the (1-0) transition of carbon monoxide to trace the molecular component of the interstellar medium. Our data set allows us to easily identify how the molecular dense gas is organised at different spatial scales: from the giant clouds with their denser filamentary networks, down to the clumps and cores that host the new-born stars and to obtain reliable estimates of their key physical parameters such as size and mass. We present the first release of the data of the FQS survey and discuss their quality. Spectra with 0.65km/s velocity channels have noise ranging from 0.8K to 1.3K for ^12^CO (1-0) and from 0.3K to 0.6K for ^13^CO (1-0). In this first paper, we used the ^12^CO (1-0) spectral cubes to produce a catalogue of 263 molecular clouds. The clouds are grouped in three main structures corresponding to the Local, Perseus, and Outer arms up to a distance of ~8.6kpc from the Sun. This is the first self-consistent statistical catalogue of molecular clouds of the outer Galaxy obtained with a subarcminute spatial resolution and therefore able to detect not only the classical giant molecular clouds, but also the small clouds and to resolve the cloud structure at the sub-parsec scale up to a distance of a few kiloparsec. We found two classes of objects: structures with sizes above a few parsecs that are typical molecular clouds and may be self-gravitating, and subparsec structures that cannot be in gravitational equilibrium and are likely transient or confined by external pressure. We used the ratio between the Herschel H2 column density and the integrated intensity of the CO lines to calculate the CO conversion factor and we found mean values of (3.3+/-1.4)x10^20^cm^-2^/(K.km/s) and (1.2+/-0.4)x10^21^cm^-2^/(K.km/s), for ^12^CO (1-0) and ^13^CO (1-0), respectively. FQS contributes to the general effort in producing a new generation of high-quality spectroscopic data for the Galactic Plane in the less studied third Galactic Quadrant, toward the outer Galaxy. FQS has produced a data-set of great legacy value, largely improving the data quality both in terms of sensitivity and spatial resolution over previous data sets.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/456/2041
- Title:
- Fragmentation in filamentary molecular clouds
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/456/2041
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Recent surveys of dust continuum emission at sub-mm wavelengths have shown that filamentary molecular clouds are ubiquitous along the Galactic plane. These structures are inhomogeneous, with overdensities that are sometimes associated with infrared emission and active of star formation. To investigate the connection between filaments and star formation, requires an understanding of the processes that lead to the fragmentation of filaments and a determination of the physical properties of the overdensities (clumps). In this paper, we present a multiwavelength study of five filamentary molecular clouds, containing several clumps in different evolutionary stages of star formation. We analyse the fragmentation of the filaments and derive the physical properties of their clumps. We find that the clumps in all filaments have a characteristic spacing consistent with the prediction of the 'sausage' instability theory, regardless of the complex morphology of the filaments or their evolutionary stage. We also find that most clumps have sufficient mass and density to form high-mass stars, supporting the idea that high-mass stars and clusters form within filaments.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/PASJ/72/43
- Title:
- FUGIN. VII. Galactic plane HI clouds
- Short Name:
- J/PASJ/72/43
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We analyze molecular-gas formation in neutral atomic hydrogen (HI) clouds using the latest CO data, obtained from the FOREST (four-beam receiver system on the 45m telescope) unbiased Galactic plane imaging survey with the Nobeyama 45m telescope, and using HI data taken from the Very Large Array Galactic plane survey. We applied a dendrogram algorithm to the HI data cube to identify HI clouds, and we calculated the HI mass and molecular-gas mass by summing the CO line intensity within each HI cloud. On the basis of the results, we created a catalog of 5737 identified HI clouds with local standard of rest (LSR) velocity of VLSR<=-20km/s in galactic longitude and latitude ranges of 20{deg}<=l<=50{deg} and -1{deg}<=b<=1{deg}, respectively. We found that most of the HI clouds are distributed within a Galactocentric distance of 16kpc, and most of them are in the cold neutral medium phase. In addition, we determined that the high-mass end of the HI mass function is fitted well with a power-law function with an index of 2.3. Although two sequences of self-gravitating and diffuse clouds are expected to appear in the M_tot_-M_H2_ diagram according to previous works based on a plane-parallel model, the observational data show only a single sequence with large scattering within these two sequences. This implies that most of the clouds are mixtures of these two types of clouds. Moreover, we suggest the following scenario of molecular-gas formation: an HI-dominant cloud evolved with increasing H2 mass along a path of M_H2_{prop.to}M^2^_tot_ by collecting diffuse gas before reaching and moving along the curves of the two sequences.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/473/3671
- Title:
- Galactic bubble infrared fluxes
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/473/3671
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In this paper, we present the first extended catalogue of far-infrared fluxes of Galactic bubbles. Fluxes were estimated for 1814 bubbles, defined here as the 'golden sample', and were selected from the Milky Way Project First Data Release (Simpson et al., 2012MNRAS.424.2442S, Cat. J/MNRAS/424/2442) The golden sample was comprised of bubbles identified within the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE) dataset (using 12- and 22-um images) and Herschel data (using 70-, 160-, 250-, 350- and 500-um wavelength images). Flux estimation was achieved initially via classical aperture photometry and then by an alternative image analysis algorithm that used active contours. The accuracy of the two methods was tested by comparing the estimated fluxes for a sample of bubbles, made up of 126 HII regions and 43 planetary nebulae, which were identified by Anderson et al. The results of this paper demonstrate that a good agreement between the two was found. This is by far the largest and most homogeneous catalogue of infrared fluxes measured for Galactic bubbles and it is a step towards the fully automated analysis of astronomical datasets.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/831/67
- Title:
- Galactic CHaMP. III. ^12^CO dense clump properties
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/831/67
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the second complete molecular line data release from the Census of High- and Medium-mass Protostars (CHaMP), a large-scale, unbiased, uniform mapping survey at sub-parsec resolution, of millimeter-wave line emission from 303 massive, dense molecular clumps in the Milky Way. This release is for all ^12^CO J=1->0 emission associated with the dense gas, the first from Phase II of the survey, which includes ^12^CO, ^13^CO, and C^18^O. The observed clump emission traced by both ^12^CO and HCO^+^ (from Phase I) shows very similar morphology, indicating that, for dense molecular clouds and complexes of all sizes, parsec-scale clumps contain {Xi}~75% of the mass, while only 25% of the mass lies in extended (>~10pc) or "low density" components in these same areas. The mass fraction of all gas above a density of 10^9^m^-3^ is {xi}_9_>~50%. This suggests that parsec-scale clumps may be the basic building blocks of the molecular interstellar medium, rather than the standard giant molecular cloud (GMC) concept. Using ^12^CO emission, we derive physical properties of these clumps in their entirety, and compare them to properties from HCO^+^, tracing their denser interiors. We compare the standard X-factor converting I_^12^CO_ to N_H2_ with alternative conversions, and show that only the latter give whole-clump properties that are physically consistent with those of their interiors. We infer that the clump population is systematically closer to virial equilibrium than when considering only their interiors, with perhaps half being long-lived (10s of Myr), pressure-confined entities that only terminally engage in vigorous massive star formation, supporting other evidence along these lines that was previously published.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/653/1325
- Title:
- Galactic distribution of infrared dark clouds
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/653/1325
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using ^13^CO(J=1-0) molecular line emission (112GHz) from the Boston University-Five College Radio Astronomy Observatory Galactic Ring Survey (BU-FCRAO GRS), we have established kinematic distances to 313 infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) by matching the morphology of the molecular line emission in distinct velocity channels to their mid-infrared extinction.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/249/6
- Title:
- Galactic interstellar ratio ^18^O/^17^O. I.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/249/6
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The interstellar oxygen isotopic ratio of ^18^O/^17^O can reflect the relative amount of the secular enrichment by ejecta from high-mass versus intermediate-mass stars. Previous observations found a Galactic gradient of ^18^O/^17^O, i.e., low ratios in the Galactic center and large values in the Galactic disk, which supports the inside-out formation scenario of our Galaxy. However, there are not many observed objects and, in particular, there are not many at large galactocentric distances. For this reason, we started a systematic study on Galactic interstellar ^18^O/^17^O, through observations of C^18^O and C^17^O multi-transition lines toward a large sample of 286 sources (at least one order of magnitude larger than previous ones), from the Galactic center region to the far outer Galaxy (~22kpc). In this article, we present our observations of J=1-0 lines of C^18^O and C^17^O, with the 12m antenna of the Arizona Radio Observatory (ARO 12m) and the Institut de Radio Astronomie Millimetrique (IRAM) 30m telescopes. Among our IRAM 30m sample of 50 targets, we detected successfully both C^18^O and C^17^O 1-0 lines for 34 sources. Similarly, our sample of 260 targets for ARO 12m observations resulted in the detection of both lines for 166 sources. The C^18^O optical depth effect on our ratio results, evaluated by fitting results of C^17^O spectra with hyperfine components (assuming {tau}_C18O_=4{tau}_C17O_) and our radiative transfer and excitation model nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium (non-LTE) model calculation for the strongest source, was found to be insignificant. Beam dilution does not seem to be a problem either, which was supported by the fact that there is no systematic variation between the isotopic ratio and the heliocentric distance, and ratios are consistently measured from two telescopes for most of those detected sources. With this study we obtained ^18^O/^17^O isotopic ratios for a large sample of molecular clouds with different galactocentric distances. Our results, though there are still very few detections made for sources in the outer Galaxy, confirm the apparent ^18^O/^17^O gradient of ^18^O/^17^O=(0.10+/-0.03)R_GC_+(2.95+/-0.30), with a Pearson's rank correlation coefficient of R=0.69. This is supported by the newest Galactic chemical evolution model including the impact of massive stellar rotators and novae.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/831/73
- Title:
- Galactic MCs associated with HII regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/831/73
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The relations between star formation and properties of molecular clouds (MCs) are studied based on a sample of star-forming regions in the Galactic Plane. Sources were selected by having radio recombination lines to provide identification of associated MCs and dense clumps. Radio continuum emission and mid-infrared emission were used to determine star formation rates (SFRs), while ^13^CO and submillimeter dust continuum emission were used to obtain the masses of molecular and dense gas, respectively. We test whether total molecular gas or dense gas provides the best predictor of SFR. We also test two specific theoretical models, one relying on the molecular mass divided by the free-fall time, the other using the free-fall time divided by the crossing time. Neither is supported by the data. The data are also compared to those from nearby star-forming regions and extragalactic data. The star formation "efficiency," defined as SFR divided by mass, spreads over a large range when the mass refers to molecular gas; the standard deviation of the log of the efficiency decreases by a factor of three when the mass of relatively dense molecular gas is used rather than the mass of all of the molecular gas.
