- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/643/A60
- Title:
- Starless cores CH_3_OH and c-C_3_H_2_ maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/643/A60
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The spatial distribution of molecules around starless cores is a powerful tool for studying the physics and chemistry governing the earliest stages of star formation. Our aim is to study the chemical differentiation in starless cores to determine the influence of large-scale effects on the spatial distribution of molecules within the cores. Furthermore, we want to put observational constraints on the mechanisms responsible in starless cores for the desorption of methanol from the surface of dust grains where it is efficiently produced. We mapped methanol, CH_3_OH, and cyclopropenylidene, c-C_3_H_2_, with the IRAM 30m telescope in the 3mm band towards six starless cores embedded in different environments, and in different evolutionary stages. Furthermore, we searched for correlations among physical properties of the cores and the methanol distribution. From our maps we can infer that the chemical segregation between CH_3_OH and c-C_3_H_2_ is driven by uneven illumination from the interstellar radiation field (ISRF). The side of the core that is more illuminated has more C atoms in the gas-phase and the formation of carbon-chain molecules like c-C3H2 is enhanced. Instead, on the side that is less exposed to the ISRF the C atoms are mostly locked in carbon monoxide, CO, the precursor of methanol. We conclude that large-scale effects have a direct impact on the chemical segregation that we can observe at core scale. However, the non-thermal mechanisms responsible for the desorption of methanol in starless cores do not show any dependency on the H_2_ column density at the methanol peak.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/581/A119
- Title:
- Starless gas clump IRDC 18310-4 images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/581/A119
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We study the fragmentation and collapse properties of the dense gas during the onset of high-mass star formation. We observed the massive (800M_{sun}) starless gas clump IRDC 18310-4 with the Plateau de Bure Interferometer (PdBI) at subarcsecond resolution in the 1.07 mm continuum and N_2_H^+^(3-2) line emission.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/622/A99
- Title:
- Starless MDCs of NGC6334 molecular spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/622/A99
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The formation of high-mass stars remains unknown in many aspects. Two families of models compete to explain the formation of high-mass stars. On the one hand, quasi-static models predict the existence of high-mass pre-stellar cores sustained by a high degree of turbulence. On the other hand competitive accretion models predict that high-mass proto-stellar cores evolve from low/intermediate mass proto-stellar cores in dynamic environments. The aim of the present work is to bring observational constraints at the scale of high-mass cores (~0.03pc). We targeted with ALMA and MOPRA a sample of 9 starless massive dense cores (MDCs) discovered in a recent Herschel/HOBYS study. Their mass and size (~110M_{sun}_ and r=0.1pc, respectively) are similar to the initial conditions used in the quasi-static family of models explaining for the formation of high-mass stars.We present ALMA 1.4mm continuum observations that resolve the Jeans length ({lambda}_Jeans_~0.03pc) and that are sensitive to the Jeans mass (M_Jeans_~0.65M_{sun}_) in the 9 starless MDCs, together with ALMA-^12^CO(2-1) emission line observations. We also present HCO^+^(1-0), H^13^CO+(1-0) and N_2_H^+^(1-0) molecular lines from the MOPRA telescope for 8 of the 9 MDCs. The 9 starless MDCs have the mass reservoir to form high-mass stars according to the criteria by Baldeschi et al. (2017MNRAS.466.3682B). Three of the starless MDCs are subvirialized with {alpha}_vir_~0.35, and 4 MDCs show sign of collapse from their molecular emission lines. ALMA observations show very little fragmentation within the MDCs. Only two of the starless MDCs host compact continuum sources, whose fluxes correspond to <3M_{sun}_ fragments. Therefore the mass reservoir of the MDCs has not yet been accreted onto compact objects, and most of the emission is filtered out by the interferometer. These observations do not support the quasi-static models for high-mass star formation since no high-mass pre-stellar core is found in NGC6334. The competitive accretion models, on the other hand, predict a level of fragmentation much higher than what we observe
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/138/227
- Title:
- Stellar clusters in NGC 6334 complex
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/138/227
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The full stellar population of NGC 6334, one of the most spectacular regions of massive star formation in the nearby Galaxy, has not been well sampled in past studies. We analyze here a mosaic of two Chandra X-ray Observatory images of the region using sensitive data analysis methods, giving a list of 1607 faint X-ray sources with arcsecond positions and approximate line-of-sight absorption. About 95% of these are expected to be cluster members, most lower mass pre-main-sequence stars. Extrapolating to low X-ray levels, the total stellar population is estimated to be 20,000-30,000 pre-main-sequence stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/425/927
- Title:
- Stellar objects in the Serpens cloud field
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/425/927
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present near infrared (J, H and Ks) observations of a 5'x10' sample field in the Serpens Star Formation region obtained with SOFI at the NTT. These observations are sensitive enough to detect a 20M_Jup_ brown dwarf through an extinction of A_V_~16 and are used to build an infrared census of this field in the cluster. From photometry and mass-luminosity models, we have developed a detailed methodology to extract quantitative parameters (distance modulus, extinction, spectral type, masses) for objects observed towards and inside the Serpens molecular cloud. An extinction map of the region is derived allowing us to disentangle cloud members from background field objects. Luminosities and masses for 14 low-mass stars and substellar object candidate members of the cluster are derived.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/618/A163
- Title:
- Stokes param. of Bok globules background stars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/618/A163
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The role of magnetic fields in the process of star formation is a matter of continuous debate. Clear observational proof of the general influence of magnetic fields on the early phase of cloud collapse is still pending. In an earlier study on Bok globules with simple structures, we find strong indications of dominant magnetic fields across large spatial scales. The aim of this study is to test the magnetic field influence across Bok globules with more complex density structures. We apply near-infrared polarimetry to trace the magnetic field structure on scales of 10^4^-10^5^au in selected Bok globules. The combination of these measurements with archival data in the optical and sub-mm wavelength range allows us to characterize the magnetic field on scales of 10^3^-10^6^au. We present polarimetric data in the near-infrared wavelength range for the three Bok globules CB34, CB56, and [OMK2002] 18, combined with archival polarimetric data in the optical wavelength range for CB34 and CB56, and in the sub millimeter wavelength range for CB34 and [OMK2002] 18. We find a strong polarization signal (P>2%) in the near-infrared for all three globules. For CB34, we detect a connection between the structure on scales of 10^4^-10^5^au to 10^5^-10^6^au. For CB56, we trace aligned polarization segments in both the near-infrared and optical data, suggesting a connection of the magnetic field structure across the whole globule. In the case of [OMK2002]18, we find ordered polarization structures on scales of 10^4^-10^5^au. We find strongly aligned polarization segments on large scales which indicate dominant magnetic fields across Bok globules with complex density structures. To reconcile our findings in globules, the lowest mass clouds known, and the results on intermediate (e.g. Taurus) and more massive (e.g. Orion) clouds, we postulate a mass dependent role of magnetic fields, whereby magnetic fields appear to be dominant on low and high mass but rather sub dominant on intermediate mass clouds.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/802/60
- Title:
- Structure of young stellar clusters. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/802/60
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We investigate the intrinsic stellar populations (estimated total numbers of OB and pre-main-sequence stars down to 0.1M_{sun}_) that are present in 17 massive star-forming regions (MSFRs) surveyed by the MYStIX project. The study is based on the catalog of >31000 MYStIX Probable Complex Members with both disk-bearing and disk-free populations, compensating for extinction, nebulosity, and crowding effects. Correction for observational sensitivities is made using the X-ray luminosity function and the near-infrared initial mass function --a correction that is often not made by infrared surveys of young stars. The resulting maps of the projected structure of the young stellar populations, in units of intrinsic stellar surface density, allow direct comparison between different regions. Several regions have multiple dense clumps, similar in size and density to the Orion Nebula Cluster. The highest projected density of ~34000 stars/pc2 is found in the core of the RCW 38 cluster. Histograms of surface density show different ranges of values in different regions, supporting the conclusion of Bressert et al. (B10; 2010MNRAS.409L..54B) that no universal surface-density threshold can distinguish between clustered and distributed star formation. However, a large component of the young stellar population of MSFRs resides in dense environments of 200-10000 stars/pc2 (including within the nearby Orion molecular clouds), and we find that there is no evidence for the B10 conclusion that such dense regions form an extreme "tail" of the distribution. Tables of intrinsic populations for these regions are used in our companion study of young cluster properties and evolution.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/646/1009
- Title:
- Structures of dust in Perseus molecular cloud
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/646/1009
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an analysis of 3.5deg^2^ of submillimeter continuum and extinction data of the Perseus molecular cloud. We identify 58 clumps in the submillimeter map, and we identify 39 structures (cores) and 11 associations of structures (super cores) in the extinction map. The cumulative mass distributions of the submillimeter clumps and extinction cores have steep slopes (alpha~2 and 1.5-2, respectively), steeper than the Salpeter initial mass function (IMF; alpha=1.35), while the distribution of extinction super cores has a shallow slope (alpha~1). Most of the submillimeter clumps are well fit by stable Bonnor-Ebert spheres with 10K<T<19K and 5.5<log_10_(Pext/k)<0.6. The clumps are found only in the highest column density regions (AV>5-7mag), although Bonnor-Ebert models suggest that we should have been able to detect them at lower column densities if they exist.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/818/73
- Title:
- Study of protostars in the Perseus molecular cloud
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/818/73
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a multiplicity study of all known protostars (94) in the Perseus molecular cloud from a Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array survey at Ka-band (8 mm and 1 cm) and C-band (4 and 6.6 cm). The observed sample has a bolometric luminosity range between 0.1 L_{sun}_ and ~33 L_{sun}_, with a median of 0.7 L_{sun}_. This multiplicity study is based on the Ka-band data, having a best resolution of ~0.065" (15 au) and separations out to ~43" (10000 au) can be probed. The overall multiplicity fraction (MF) is found to be 0.40+/-0.06 and the companion star fraction (CSF) is 0.71+/-0.06. The MF and CSF of the Class 0 protostars are 0.57+/-0.09 and 1.2+/-0.2, and the MF and CSF of Class I protostars are both 0.23+/-0.08. The distribution of companion separations appears bi-modal, with a peak at ~75 au and another peak at ~3000 au. Turbulent fragmentation is likely the dominant mechanism on >1000 au scales and disk fragmentation is likely to be the dominant mechanism on <200 au scales. Toward three Class 0 sources we find companions separated by <30 au. These systems have the smallest separations of currently known Class 0 protostellar binary systems. Moreover, these close systems are embedded within larger (50-400 au) structures and may be candidates for ongoing disk fragmentation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/639/259
- Title:
- Sub-mm clumps in Orion B South molecular cloud
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/639/259
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present results from a survey of a 1300arcmin^2^ region of the Orion B South molecular cloud, including NGC 2024, NGC 2023, and the Horsehead Nebula (B33), obtained using the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT). Submillimeter continuum observations at 450 and 850{mu}m are discussed. Using an automated algorithm, 57 discrete emission features ("clumps") are identified in the 850{mu}m map.
