We present the imaging observations made with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS) of the Hubble Deep Field South. The field was imaged in four bandpasses: a clear CCD bandpass for 156ks, a long-pass filter for 22-25ks/pix typical exposure, a near-UV bandpass for 23ks, and a far-UV bandpass for 52ks. The clear, visible image is the deepest observation ever made in the UV-optical wavelength region, reaching a 10{sigma}AB magnitude of 29.4 for an object of area 0.2arcsec^2^. The field contains QSO J2233-606, the target of the STIS spectroscopy, and extends 50"x50" for the visible images, and 25"x25" for the ultraviolet images. We present the images, catalog of objects, and galaxy counts obtained in the field.
Observations of different molecular lines in protoplanetary disks provide valuable information on the gas kinematics, as well as constraints on the radial density and temperature structure of the gas. With ALMA we have detected H13CO+ (J=4-3) and HC15N (J=4-3) in the HD 97048 protoplanetary disk for the first time. We compare these new detections to the ringed continuum mm-dust emission and the spatially resolved CO (J=3-2) and HCO+ (J=4-3) emission. The radial distributions of the H^13^CO^+^ and HC^15^N emission show hints of ringed sub-structure whereas, the optically thick tracers, CO and HCO+, do not. We calculate the HCO^+^/H^13^CO^+^ intensity ratio across the disk and find that it is radially constant (within our uncertainties). We use a physio-chemical parametric disk structure of the HD 97048 disk with an analytical prescription for the HCO^+^ abundance distribution to generate synthetic observations of the HCO^+^ and H^13^CO^+^ disk emission assuming LTE. The best by-eye fit models require radial variations in the HCO^+^/H^13^CO^+^ abundance ratio and an overall enhancement in H^13^CO^+^ relative to HCO^+^. This highlights the need to consider isotope selective chemistry and in particular low temperature carbon isotope exchange reactions. This also points to the presence of a reservoir of cold molecular gas in the outer disk (T<10K, R>200au). Chemical models are required to confirm that isotope-selective chemistry alone can explain the observations presented here. With these data, we cannot rule out that the known dust substructure in the HD 97048 disk is responsible for the observed trends in molecular line emission, and higher spatial resolution observations are required to fully explore the potential of optically thin tracers to probe planet-carved dust gaps. We also report non-detections of H^13^CO^+^ and HC^15^N in the HD 100546 protoplanetary disk.
Direct imaging of debris disks gives important information about their nature, their global morphology and allows to identify specific structures possibly in connection with the presence of gravitational perturbers. It is the most straightforward technique to observe planetary systems as a whole. We present the first resolved images of the debris disk around the young F-type star HD 160305, detected in scattered light using the VLT/SPHERE instrument in the near infrared. We used a post-processing method based on Angular Differential Imaging and synthetic images of debris disks produced with a disk modeling code (GRaTer) to constrain the main characteristics of the disk around HD160305. All of the point sources in the field of the IRDIS camera were analyzed with an astrometric tool to determine whether they are bound objects or background stars. We detect a very inclined (~82{deg}) ring-like debris disk located at a stellocentric distance of about 86au (deprojected width ~27au). The disk displays a brightness asymmetry between the two sides of the major axis, as can be expected from scattering properties of dust grains. We derive an anisotropic scattering factor g>0.5. A second right-left asymmetry is also observed with respect to the minor axis. We measure a surface brightness ratio of 0.73+/-0.18 between the bright and the faint sides. Because of the low signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of the images we cannot easily discriminate between several possible explanations for this left-right asymmetry, such as perturbations by an unseen planet, the aftermath of the breakup of a massive planetesimal, or the pericenter glow effect due to an eccentric ring. Two epochs of observations allow us to reject the companionship hypothesis for the 15 point sources present in the field.
The occurrence rate of hot Jupiters from the Kepler transit survey is roughly half that of radial velocity surveys targeting solar neighborhood stars. One hypothesis to explain this difference is that the two surveys target stars with different stellar metallicity distributions. To test this hypothesis, we measure the metallicity distribution of the Kepler targets using the Hectochelle multi-fiber, high-resolution spectrograph. Limiting our spectroscopic analysis to 610 dwarf stars in our sample with logg>3.5, we measure a metallicity distribution characterized by a mean of [M/H]_mean_=-0.045+/-0.009, in agreement with previous studies of the Kepler field target stars. In comparison, the metallicity distribution of the California Planet Search radial velocity sample has a mean of [M/H]_CPS,mean_=-0.005+/-0.006, and the samples come from different parent populations according to a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. We refit the exponential relation between the fraction of stars hosting a close-in giant planet and the host star metallicity using a sample of dwarf stars from the California Planet Search with updated metallicities. The best-fit relation tells us that the difference in metallicity between the two samples is insufficient to explain the discrepant hot Jupiter occurrence rates; the metallicity difference would need to be ~0.2-0.3dex for perfect agreement. We also show that (sub)giant contamination in the Kepler sample cannot reconcile the two occurrence calculations. We conclude that other factors, such as binary contamination and imperfect stellar properties, must also be at play.
HELGA VI. Giant molecular cloud associations in M31
Short Name:
J/ApJ/798/58
Date:
21 Oct 2021
Publisher:
CDS
Description:
In this paper we present a catalog of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in the Andromeda (M31) galaxy extracted from the Herschel Exploitation of Local Galaxy Andromeda (HELGA) data set. GMCs are identified from the Herschel maps using a hierarchical source extraction algorithm. We present the results of this new catalog and characterize the spatial distribution and spectral energy properties of its clouds based on the radial dust/gas properties found by Smith et al. (Paper II, 2012ApJ...756...40S). A total of 326 GMCs in the mass range 10^4^-10^7^M_{sun}_ are identified; their cumulative mass distribution is found to be proportional to M^-2.34^, in agreement with earlier studies. The GMCs appear to follow the same correlation of cloud mass to L_CO_ observed in the Milky Way. However, comparison between this catalog and interferometry studies also shows that the GMCs are substructured below the Herschel resolution limit, suggesting that we are observing associations of GMCs. Following Gordon et al. (2006ApJ...638L..87G), we study the spatial structure of M31 by splitting the observed structure into a set of spiral arms and offset rings. We fit radii of 10.3 and 15.5kpc to the two most prominent rings. We then fit a logarithmic spiral with a pitch angle of 8.9{deg} to the GMCs not associated with either ring. Last, we comment on the effects of deprojection on our results and investigate the effect different models for M31's inclination will have on the projection of an unperturbed spiral arm system.
We present an analysis of 1023 DBZ/DZ(A) and 319 DQ white dwarf stars taken from the Montreal White Dwarf Database. This represents a significant increase over the previous comprehensive studies on these types of objects. We use new trigonometric parallax measurements from the Gaia second data release, together with photometry from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, Pan-STARRS, Gaia, or BVRI from the literature, which allow the determination of the mass for the majority of the objects in our sample. We use the photometric and spectroscopic techniques with our recently improved model atmospheres code, which include high-density effects, to accurately determine the effective temperature, surface gravity, and heavy-element abundances for each object. We study the abundance of hydrogen in DBZ/DZ white dwarfs and the properties of the accreted planetesimals. We explore the nature of the second sequence of DQ stars using proper motions from Gaia and highlight evidence of crystallization in massive DQ stars. We also present mass distributions for both spectral types. Finally, we discuss the implications of our findings in the context of the spectral evolution of white dwarfs and provide the atmospheric parameters for each star.
UBVR photometric monitoring of Herbig Ae/Be stars and some related objects has been carried out at Maidanak Observatory in Uzbekistan since 1983. More than 71,000 observations of about 230 stars have been obtained and are made available for anonymous ftp. Virtually all Herbig Ae/Be stars observed are irregular variables (called "UXors" after UX Ori), but there is a wide range of amplitudes from barely detectable to more than 4mag in V. Our data confirm the results of previous studies, which indicate that large-amplitude variability is confined to stars with spectral types later than B8. The distribution of variability ranges is quite similar to what is seen in classical T Tauri stars.
The Hercules supercluster consists of the Abell clusters A2147, A2151, and A2152. Previous studies of the kinematics have been confounded by the difficulty of correctly assigning galaxies to the individual clusters, which are not well separated. Our study has a total of 468 available velocities for galaxies in the region, 175 of them new. There are 414 galaxies in the supercluster, about 3 times the number used in the previous supercluster study. We verify the existence of the three individual clusters and compute their individual dynamical parameters. We investigate several techniques for assigning galaxy membership to clusters in this crowded field. We use the Kaye's mixture model (Ashman, Bird, & Zepf, 1994AJ....108.2348A) algorithm to separate the galaxies into clusters; we find that A2152 has a higher mean velocity than previous studies have reported. A2147 and A2152 also have lower velocity dispersions: 821^+68^_-55_ and 715^+81^_-61_km/s, respectively. The assignment of galaxies to either A2152 or A2147 requires velocity and position information. We study the kinematics of the supercluster using the two-body formalism of Beers, Geller, & Huchra (1982ApJ...257...23B) and conclude that A2147 and A2151 are probably bound to each other and that the supercluster as a whole may also be bound. The mass of the supercluster, if bound, is (7.6+/-2.0)x10^15^h^-1^M_{sun}_; with the supercluster luminosity, (1.4+/-0.2)x10^13^h^-2^L_{sun}_, this yields {OMEGA}=0.34+/-0.1.
Selecting sources with rising flux densities towards longer wavelengths from Herschel/Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) maps is an efficient way to produce a catalogue rich in high-redshift (z>4) dusty star-forming galaxies. The effectiveness of this approach has already been confirmed by spectroscopic follow-up observations, but the previously available catalogues made this way are limited by small survey areas. Here we apply a map-based search method to 274deg^2^ of the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES) Large Mode Survey and create a catalogue of 477 objects with SPIRE flux densities S_500_>S_350_>S_250_ and a 5{sigma} cut-off S_500_>52mJy. From this catalogue we determine that the total number of these 'red' sources is at least an order of magnitude higher than predicted by galaxy evolution models. These results are in agreement with previous findings in smaller HerMES fields; however, due to our significantly larger sample size we are also able to investigate the shape of the red source counts for the first time. We have obtained spectroscopic redshift measurements for two of our sources using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The redshifts z=5.1 and 3.8 confirm that with our selection method we can indeed find high-redshift dusty star-forming galaxies.
We present the first major data release of the largest single key-project in area carried out in open time with the Herschel Space Observatory. The Herschel Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS) is a survey of 600 deg^2^ in five photometric bands - 100, 160, 250, 350 and 500 microns - with the Photoconductor Array Camera and Spectrometer and Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) cameras. In this paper and the companion (Bourne at al., 2016MNRAS.462.1714B), we present the survey of three fields on the celestial equator, covering a total area of 161.6 deg2 and previously observed in the Galaxy and Mass Assembly (GAMA) spectroscopic survey. This paper describes the Herschel images and catalogues of the sources detected on the SPIRE 250 micron images. The 1 sigma noise for source detection, including both confusion and instrumental noise, is 7.4, 9.4 and 10.2mJy at 250, 350 and 500 microns. Our catalogue includes 120 230 sources in total, with 113 995, 46 209 and 11 011 sources detected at >4 sigma at 250, 350 and 500 microns. The catalogue contains detections at >3{sigma} at 100 and 160 microns for 4650 and 5685 sources, and the typical noise at these wavelengths is 44 and 49mJy. We include estimates of the completeness of the survey and of the effects of flux bias and also describe a novel method for determining the true source counts. The H-ATLAS source counts are very similar to the source counts from the deeper HerMES survey at 250 and 350 microns, with a small difference at 500 microns.
