- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/609/A129
- Title:
- HCN, HNC and DNC spectra of 27 sources
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/609/A129
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The ratio between the two stable isotopes of nitrogen, ^14^N and ^15^N, is well measured in the terrestrial atmosphere (~272), and for the pre-solar nebula (~441, deduced from the solar wind). Interestingly, some pristine solar system materials show enrichments in 15N with respect to the pre-solar nebula value. However, it is not yet clear if and how these enrichments are linked to the past chemical history because we have only a limited number of measurements in dense star-forming regions. In this respect, dense cores, which are believed to be the precursors of clusters and also contain intermediate- and high-mass stars, are important targets because the solar system was probably born within a rich stellar cluster, and such clusters are formed in high-mass star-forming regions. The number of observations in such high-mass dense cores has remained limited so far. In this work, we show the results of IRAM-30m observations of the J=1-0 rotational transition of the molecules HCN and HNC and their 15N-bearing counterparts towards 27 intermediate- and high-mass dense cores that are divided almost equally into three evolutionary categories: high-mass starless cores, high-mass protostellar objects, and ultra-compact Hii regions. We have also observed the DNC(2-1) rotational transition in order to search for a relation between the isotopic ratios D/H and ^14^N/^15^N. We derive average ^14^N/^15^N ratios of 359+/-16 in HCN and of 438+/-21 in HNC, with a dispersion of about 150-200. We find no trend of the ^14^ N/^15^ N ratio with evolutionary stage. This result agrees with what has been found for N_2_H^+^ and its isotopologues in the same sources, although the ^14^N/^15^N ratios from N2H+ show a higher dispersion than in HCN/HNC, and on average, their uncertainties are larger as well. Moreover, we have found no correlation between D/H and ^14^N/^15^N in HNC. These findings indicate that (1) the chemical evolution does not seem to play a role in the fractionation of nitrogen, and that (2) the fractionation of hydrogen and nitrogen in these objects is not related.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/138/63
- Title:
- H_2_CO and H{alpha} observations of UC HII
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/138/63
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report observations of the H110{alpha} radio recombination line and H_2_CO (1_10_-1_11_) toward 21 ultracompact H II regions with the Arecibo 305m radio telescope. We detect the H110{alpha} line in 20 sources, and for each of these we also detect a H_2_CO absorption feature at nearly the same velocity, demonstrating the association between molecular and ionized gas. We determine kinematic distances and resolve the distance ambiguity for all observed HII regions, as well as for 19 intervening molecular clouds. A plot of the Galactic distribution of these objects traces part of the spiral structure in the first Galactic quadrant. We compare flux densities and velocities as measured with the Arecibo Telescope with interferometric measurements of our sample of ultracompact HII regions. In general, the single-dish fluxes exceed the interferometric values, consistent with an extended component of radio continuum emission.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/587/714
- Title:
- H_2_CO and H{alpha} observations of UC HII
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/587/714
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Fifty-four ultracompact (UC) HII regions in the GLIMPSE survey region (|b|<1{deg} and 30{deg}<l<70{deg}) were observed in H_2_CO and H110{alpha} using the 305 m Arecibo telescope. By analyzing H_2_CO absorption against the UC H II region continuum emission, we resolve the distance ambiguity toward 44 sources. This determination is critical to measure global physical properties of UC H II regions (e.g., luminosity, size, mass) and properties of the Galaxy (e.g., spiral structure, abundance gradients). We find that the distribution of UC H II regions in this survey is consistent with a ``local spur'', the Perseus, Sagittarius, and Scutum arms as delineated by Taylor & Cordes. However, departures from model velocities produce distance uncertainties only slightly smaller than the proposed arm separations.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/820/37
- Title:
- HCO+ and HCN obs. toward Planck Galactic Cold Clumps
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/820/37
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first survey of dense gas toward Planck Galactic Cold Clumps (PGCCs). Observations in the J=1-0 transitions of HCO^+^ and HCN toward 621 molecular cores associated with PGCCs were performed using the Purple Mountain Observatory's 13.7m telescope. Among them, 250 sources were detected, including 230 cores detected in HCO^+^ and 158 in HCN. Spectra of the J=1-0 transitions from ^12^CO, ^13^CO, and C^18^O at the centers of the 250 cores were extracted from previous mapping observations to construct a multi-line data set. The significantly low detection rate of asymmetric double-peaked profiles, together with the good consistency among central velocities of CO, HCO^+^, and HCN spectra, suggests that the CO-selected Planck cores are more quiescent than classical star-forming regions. The small difference between line widths of C^18^O and HCN indicates that the inner regions of CO-selected Planck cores are no more turbulent than the exterior. The velocity-integrated intensities and abundances of HCO^+^ are positively correlated with those of HCN, suggesting that these two species are well coupled and chemically connected. The detected abundances of both HCO^+^ and HCN are significantly lower than values in other low- to high-mass star-forming regions. The low abundances may be due to beam dilution. On the basis of an inspection of the parameters given in the PGCC catalog, we suggest that there may be about 1000 PGCC objects that have a sufficient reservoir of dense gas to form stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/819/143
- Title:
- HCO+ and N2D+ dense cores in Perseus
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/819/143
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the results of an HCO^+^ (3-2) and N_2_D^+^ (3-2) molecular line survey performed toward 91 dense cores in the Perseus molecular cloud using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope, to identify the fraction of starless and protostellar cores with systematic radial motions. We quantify the HCO^+^ asymmetry using a dimensionless asymmetry parameter {delta}_v_, and identify 20 cores with significant blue or red line asymmetries in optically thick emission indicative of collapsing or expanding motions, respectively. We separately fit the HCO^+^ profiles with an analytic collapse model and determine contraction (expansion) speeds toward 22 cores. Comparing the {delta}_v_ and collapse model results, we find that {delta}_v_ is a good tracer of core contraction if the optically thin emission is aligned with the model-derived systemic velocity. The contraction speeds range from subsonic (0.03km/s) to supersonic (0.40km/s), where the supersonic contraction speeds may trace global rather than local core contraction. Most cores have contraction speeds significantly less than their free-fall speeds. Only 7 of 28 starless cores have spectra well-fit by the collapse model, which more than doubles (15 of 28) for protostellar cores. Starless cores with masses greater than the Jeans mass (M/M_J_>1) are somewhat more likely to show contraction motions. We find no trend of optically thin non-thermal line width with M/M_J_, suggesting that any undetected contraction motions are small and subsonic. Most starless cores in Perseus are either not in a state of collapse or expansion, or are in a very early stage of collapse.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/874/172
- Title:
- H_2_CO & H110{alpha} obs. toward Aquila
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/874/172
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The formaldehyde H_2_CO(1_10_-1_11_) absorption line and H110{alpha} radio recombination line have been observed toward the Aquila Molecular Cloud using the Nanshan 25m telescope operated by the Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory CAS. These first observations of the H_2_CO (1_10_-1_11_) absorption line determine the extent of the molecular regions that are affected by the ongoing star formation in the Aquila molecular complex and show some of the dynamic properties. The distribution of the excitation temperature Tex for H_2_CO identifies the two known star formation regions W40 and Serpens South as well as a smaller new region Serpens 3. The intensity and velocity distributions of H_2_CO and ^13^CO(1-0) do not agree well with each other, which confirms that the H_2_CO absorption structure is mostly determined by the excitation of the molecules resulting from the star formation rather than by the availability of molecular material as represented by the distribution. Some velocity-coherent linear ^13^CO(1-0) structures have been identified in velocity channel maps of H2CO and it is found that the three star formation regions lie on the intersect points of filaments. The H110{alpha} emission is found only at the location of the W40 HII region and spectral profile indicates a redshifted spherical outflow structure in the outskirts of the HII region. Sensitive mapping of H_2_CO absorption of the Aquila Complex has correctly identified the locations of star formation activity in complex molecular clouds and the spectral profiles reveal the dominant velocity components and may identify the presence of outflows.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/877/154
- Title:
- H_2_CO TMRT obs. of Galactic molecular clouds
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/877/154
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present observations of the C-band 1_10_-1_11_ (4.8GHz) and Ku-band 2_11_-2_12_ (14.5GHz) K-doublet lines of H_2_CO and the C-band 1_10_-1_11_ (4.6GHz) line of H_2_^13^CO toward a large sample of Galactic molecular clouds, through the Shanghai Tianma 65m radio telescope (TMRT). Our sample with 112 sources includes strong H_2_CO sources from the TMRT molecular line survey at C-band and other known H_2_CO sources. All three lines are detected toward 38 objects (43 radial velocity components) yielding a detection rate of 34%. Complementary observations of their continuum emission at both C- and Ku-bands were performed. Combining spectral line parameters and continuum data, we calculate the column densities, the optical depths and the isotope ratio H_2_^12^CO/H_2_^13^CO for each source. To evaluate photon trapping caused by sometimes significant opacities in the main isotopologue's rotational mm-wave lines connecting our measured K-doublets, and to obtain ^12^C/^13^C abundance ratios, we used the RADEX non-LTE model accounting for radiative transfer effects. This implied the use of the new collision rates from Wiesenfeld & Faure. Also implementing distance values from trigonometric parallax measurements for our sources, we obtain a linear fit of ^12^C/^13^C=(5.08+/-1.10)D_GC_+(11.86+/-6.60), with a correlation coefficient of 0.58. D_GC_ refers to Galactocentric distances. Our ^12^C/^13^C ratios agree very well with the ones deduced from CN and C^18^O but are lower than those previously reported on the basis of H_2_CO, tending to suggest that the bulk of the H_2_CO in our sources was formed on dust grain mantles and not in the gas phase.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/658/A5
- Title:
- Hercules A LOFAR and JVLA images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/658/A5
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The prominent radio source Hercules A features complex structures in its radio lobes. Despite being one of the most comprehensively studied sources in the radio sky, the origin of the ring structures in the Hercules A radio lobes remains an open question. We present the first sub-arcsecond angular resolution images at low frequencies (<300MHZ) of Hercules A, made with the International LOFAR Telescope. With the addition of data from the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array, we map the structure of the lobes from 144MHz to 7GHz. We explore the origin of the rings within the lobes of Hercules A, and test whether their properties are best described by a shock model where shock waves are produced by the jet propagating in the radio lobe, or an inner-lobe model in which the rings are formed by decelerated jetted plasma. From spectral index mapping, our large frequency coverage reveals that the curvature of the different ring spectra increases with distance away from the central active galactic nucleus. We demonstrate that the spectral shape of the rings is consistent with synchrotron aging, which speaks in favor of an inner-lobe model, where the rings are formed from the deposition of material from past periods of intermittent core activity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/394/1857
- Title:
- H_2_/HI ratio in galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/394/1857
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We revisit the mass ratio {eta}_galaxy_ between molecular hydrogen (H2) and atomic hydrogen (HI) in different galaxies from a phenomenological and theoretical viewpoint.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/575/A44
- Title:
- HI absorption in flux-selected radio AGNs
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/575/A44
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an analysis of the HI 21cm absorption in a sample of 101 flux-selected radio AGN (S_1.4GHz_>50mJy) observed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT). We detect HI absorption in 32 objects (30% of the sample). In a previous paper, we performed a spectral stacking analysis on the radio sources, while here we characterize the absorption spectra of the individual detections using the recently presented busy function. The HI absorption spectra show a broad variety of widths, shapes, and kinematical properties. The full width half maximum (FWHM) of the busy function fits of the detected HI lines lies in the range 32km/s<FWHM<570km/s, whereas the full width at 20% of the peak absorption (FW20) lies in the range 63km/s<FW20<825km/s. The width and asymmetry of the profiles allows us to identify three groups: narrow lines (FWHM<100km/s), intermediate widths (100km/s<FWHM<200km/s), and broad profiles (FWHM>200km/s). We study the kinematical and radio source properties of each group, with the goal of identifying different morphological structures of HI. Narrow lines mostly lie at the systemic velocity and are likely produced by regularly rotating HI disks or gas clouds. More HI disks can be present among galaxies with lines of intermediate widths; however, the HI in these sources is more unsettled. We study the asymmetry parameter and blueshift/redshift distribution of the lines as a function of their width. We find a trend for which narrow profiles are also symmetric, while broad lines are the most asymmetric. Among the broadest lines, more lines appear blueshifted than redshifted, similarly to what was found by previous studies. Interestingly, symmetric broad lines are absent from the sample. We argue that if a profile is broad, it is also asymmetric and shifted relative to the systemic velocity because it is tracing unsettled HI gas. In particular, besides three of the broadest (up to FW20=825km/s) detections, which are associated with gas-rich mergers, we find three new cases of profiles with blueshifted broad wings (with FW20>500km/s) in high radio power AGN. These detections are good candidates for being HI outflows. Together with the known cases of outflows already included in the sample (3C 293 and 3C 305), the detection rate of HI outflows is 5% in the total radio AGN sample. Because of the effects of spin temperature and covering factor of the outflowing gas, this fraction could represent a lower limit. However, if the relatively low detection rate is confirmed by more detailed observations, it would suggest that, if outflows are a characteristic phenomenon of all radio AGN, they would have a short depletion timescale compared to the lifetime of the radio source. This would be consistent with results found for some of the outflows traced by molecular gas. Using stacking techniques, in our previous paper we showed that compact radio sources have higher {tau}, FWHM, and column density than extended sources. In addition, here we find that blueshifted and broad/asymmetric lines are more often present among compact sources. In good agreement with the results of stacking, this suggests that unsettled gas is responsible for the larger stacked FWHM detected in compact sources. Therefore in such sources the HI is more likely to be unsettled. This may arise as a result of jet-cloud interactions, as young radio sources clear their way through the rich ambient gaseous medium.