- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/864/136
- Title:
- Massive star-forming regions multiwavelength study
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/864/136
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a multiwavelength study of 28 Galactic massive star-forming HII regions. For 17 of these regions, we present new distance measurements based on Gaia DR2 parallaxes. By fitting a multicomponent dust, blackbody, and power-law continuum model to the 3.6{mu}m through 10mm spectral energy distributions, we find that ~34% of Lyman continuum photons emitted by massive stars are absorbed by dust before contributing to the ionization of HII regions, while ~68% of the stellar bolometric luminosity is absorbed and reprocessed by dust in the HII regions and surrounding photodissociation regions. The most luminous, infrared-bright regions that fully sample the upper stellar initial mass function (ionizing photon rates N_C_>=10^50^s^-1^ and dust-processed L_TIR_>=10^6.8^L_{sun}_) have on average higher percentages of absorbed Lyman continuum photons (~51%) and reprocessed starlight (~82%) compared to less luminous regions. Luminous HII regions show lower average polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) fractions than less luminous regions, implying that the strong radiation fields from early-type massive stars are efficient at destroying PAH molecules. On average, the monochromatic luminosities at 8, 24, and 70{mu}m combined carry 94% of the dust-reprocessed L_TIR_. L70 captures ~52% of L_TIR_, and is therefore the preferred choice to infer the bolometric luminosity of dusty star-forming regions. We calibrate star formation rates (SFRs) based on L24 and L70 against the Lyman continuum photon rates of the massive stars in each region. Standard extragalactic calibrations of monochromatic SFRs based on population synthesis models are generally consistent with our values.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/550/A21
- Title:
- Massive star-forming regions radio lines
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/550/A21
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) observations of the H_2_O maser line and radio continuum at 18.0GHz and 22.8GHz toward a sample of 192 massive star-forming regions containing several clumps already imaged at 1.2mm. The main aim of this study is to investigate the water maser and centimeter continuum emission (that likely traces thermal free-free emission) in sources at different evolutionary stages, using evolutionary classifications previously published. We used the recently comissioned Compact Array Broadband Backend (CABB) at ATCA that obtains images with 20arcsec resolution in the 1.3cm continuum and H_2_O maser emission in all targets. For the evolutionary analysis of the sources we used millimeter continuum emission from the literature and the infrared emission from the MSX Point Source Catalog. We detect centimeter continuum emission in 88% of the observed fields with a typical rms noise level of 0.45mJy/beam. Most of the fields show a single radio continuum source, while in 20% of them we identify multiple components. A total of 214 centimeter continuum sources have been identified, that likely trace optically thin HII regions, with physical parameters typical of both extended and compact HII regions. Water maser emission was detected in 41% of the regions, resulting in a total of 85 distinct components. The low angular (20arcsec) and spectral (14km/s) resolutions do not allow a proper analysis of the water maser emission, but suffice to investigate its association with the continuum sources. We have also studied the detection rate of HII regions in the two types of IRAS sources defined in the literature on the basis of the IRAS colors: High and Low. No significant differences are found, with high detection rates (>90%) for both High and Low sources. We classify the millimeter and infrared sources in our fields in three evolutionary stages following the scheme presented previously: (Type 1) millimeter-only sources, (Type 2) millimeter plus infrared sources, (Type 3) infrared-only sources. We find that HII regions are mainly associated with Type 2 and Type 3 objects, confirming that these are more evolved than Type 1 sources. The HII regions associated with Type 3 sources are slightly less dense and larger in size than those associated with Type 2 sources, as expected if the HII region expands as it evolves, and Type 3 objects are older than Type 2 objects. The maser emission is mostly found to be associated with Type 1 and Type 2 sources, with a higher detection rate toward Type 2, consistent with the results of the literature. Finally, our results on HII region and H_2_O maser association with different evolutionary types confirm the evolutionary classification proposed previously.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/651/A98
- Title:
- M31 C-band (6.6GHz) Sardinia radio tel. map
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/651/A98
- Date:
- 17 Jan 2022 11:45:00
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Andromeda galaxy is the best known large galaxy besides our own Milky Way. Several images and studies exist at all wavelengths from radio to hard X-ray. Nevertheless, only few observations are available in the microwave range where its average radio emission reaches the minimum. In this paper we want to study the radio morphology of the galaxy, decouple thermal from non-thermal emission and extract the star formation rate. We also aim to derive a complete catalogue of radio sources for the mapped patch of sky. We have observed the Andromeda galaxy with the Sardinia Radio Telescope at 6.6 GHz with very high sensitivity and angular resolution, and an unprecedented sky coverage. Using new 6.6GHz data and Effelsberg radio telescope ancillary data, we confirm that, globally, the spectral index assumes a value of ~0.7-0.8, while in the star forming regions it decreases to ~0.5. By disentangling (gas) thermal and non-thermal emission, we found that at 6.6GHz, thermal emission follows the distribution of HII regions around the ring. Non-thermal emission, within the ring, appears to be more uniform and smooth than thermal emission, due to the diffusion of the cosmic ray electrons away from their birthplaces. Hence the magnetic fields are nearly constant in intensity. Based on the thermal emission map, we have calculated a star formation rate map. Integrating within a radius of R_max_=15kpc, we obtained a total star formation rate of 0.19+/-0.01M*/yr in agreement with previous results in literature. Finally, we correlated our radio data with Infrared images of the Andromeda galaxy. We found an unexpected high correlation between non-thermal and MIR data in the central region, with a correlation parameter r=0.93. Finally, by computing the logarithmic 24um/21cm ratio q_24um_, we found a decreasing trend with increasing galactocentric distance and an increasing dispersion. The logarithmic FIR/radio ratio is found to be 2.41+/-0.04.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/854/170
- Title:
- Methanol (CH_3_OH) and OH masers in NGC 6334I
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/854/170
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the first sub-arcsecond VLA imaging of 6GHz continuum, methanol maser, and excited-state hydroxyl maser emission toward the massive protostellar cluster NGC 6334I following the recent 2015 outburst in (sub)millimeter continuum toward MM1, the strongest (sub)millimeter source in the protocluster. In addition to detections toward the previously known 6.7GHz Class II methanol maser sites in the hot core MM2 and the UCHII region MM3 (NGC 6334F), we find new maser features toward several components of MM1, along with weaker features ~1" north, west, and southwest of MM1, and toward the nonthermal radio continuum source CM2. None of these areas have heretofore exhibited Class II methanol maser emission in three decades of observations. The strongest MM1 masers trace a dust cavity, while no masers are seen toward the strongest dust sources MM1A, 1B, and 1D. The locations of the masers are consistent with a combination of increased radiative pumping due to elevated dust grain temperature following the outburst, the presence of infrared photon propagation cavities, and the presence of high methanol column densities as indicated by ALMA images of thermal transitions. The nonthermal radio emission source CM2 (2" north of MM1) also exhibits new maser emission from the excited 6.035 and 6.030GHz OH lines. Using the Zeeman effect, we measure a line-of-sight magnetic field of +0.5 to +3.7mG toward CM2. In agreement with previous studies, we also detect numerous methanol and excited OH maser spots toward the UCHII region MM3, with predominantly negative line-of-sight magnetic field strengths of -2 to -5mG and an intriguing south-north field reversal.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/764/L19
- Title:
- Methanol emission from the Galactic Center
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/764/L19
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the discovery of a widespread population of collisionally excited methanol J=4_-1_ to 3_0_E sources at 36.2GHz from the inner 66'x18' (160x43pc) of the Galactic center. This spectral feature was imaged with a spectral resolution of 16.6km/s taken from 41 channels of a Very Large Array continuum survey of the Galactic center region. The revelation of 356 methanol sources, most of which are maser candidates, suggests a large abundance of methanol in the gas phase in the Galactic center region. There is also spatial and kinematic correlation between SiO (2-1) and CH_3_OH emission from four Galactic center clouds: the +50 and +20km/s clouds and G0.13-0.13 and G0.25+0.01. The enhanced abundance of methanol is accounted for in terms of induced photodesorption by cosmic rays as they travel through a molecular core, collide, dissociate, ionize, and excite Lyman Werner transitions of H_2_. A time-dependent chemical model in which cosmic rays drive the chemistry of the gas predicts CH_3_OH abundance of 10^-8^ to 10^-7^ on a chemical timescale of 5x10^4^ to 5x10^5^ years. The average methanol abundance produced by the release of methanol from grain surfaces is consistent with the available data.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/VIII/98
- Title:
- 180MHz Murchison Commissioning Survey (MWACS)
- Short Name:
- VIII/98
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Murchison Widefield Array Commissioning Survey (MWACS) is a ~6100deg^2^ 104-196MHz radio sky survey performed with the Murchison Widefield Array during instrument commissioning between 2012 September and 2012 December. The data were taken as meridian drift scans with two different 32-antenna sub-arrays that were available during the commissioning period. The data were combined in the visibility plane before being imaged, and then mosaicked. The survey covers approximately 20.5h<RA<8.5h, -58{deg}<Dec<-14{deg} over three frequency bands centred on 119, 150 and 180MHz. The survey has 3arcmin angular resolution and a typical noise level of 40mJy/beam, with reduced sensitivity near the field boundaries and bright sources. The catalogue consists of flux density and spectral index measurements for 14,110 sources, extracted from the mosaics, 1,247 of which are sub-components of complexes of sources.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/804/23
- Title:
- 327MHz observations of 124 pulsars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/804/23
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the measurements of scatter broadening timescales ({tau}_SC_) for 124 pulsars at 327MHz using the upgraded Ooty Radio Telescope (ORT). These pulsars lie in the dispersion measure range of 37-503pc/cm3 and declination ({delta}) range of -57{deg}<{sigma}<60{deg}. New {tau}_SC_ estimates for 58 pulsars are presented, increasing the sample of all such measurements by about 40% at 327MHz. Using all available {tau}_SC_ measurements in the literature, we investigate the dependence of {tau}_SC_ on dispersion measure. Our measurements, together with previously reported values for {tau}_SC_, affirm that the ionized interstellar medium up to 3kpc is consistent with the Kolmogorov spectrum, while it deviates significantly beyond this distance.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/155/89
- Title:
- 325MHz radio survey in M31
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/155/89
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present here the results of a 325MHz radio survey of M31, conducted with the A configuration of the Very Large Array. The survey covered an area of 7.6{deg}^2^, and a total of 405 radio sources between <~6" and 170" in extent were mapped with a resolution of 6" and a 1{sigma} sensitivity of ~0.6mJy/beam. For each source, its morphological class, major axis {theta}_M_, minor axis {theta}_m_, position angle {theta}_PA_, peak flux I, integrated flux density S, spectral index {alpha}, and spectral curvature parameter {phi} were calculated.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/159/242
- Title:
- 325MHz radio survey in M31. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/159/242
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have previously presented the results of a 325MHz radio survey of M31 (Cat. <J/ApJS/155/89>, conducted with the A configuration of the Very Large Array. In this survey, a total of 405 radio sources between <~6" and 170" in extent were mapped with a resolution of 6" and a sensitivity of ~0.6mJy/beam. Here we compare the resultant source list and image with other radio, IR, optical, and X-ray observations and catalogs of the region.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/VIII/97
- Title:
- 74MHz VLA Low-frequency Sky Survey Redux (VLSSr)
- Short Name:
- VIII/97
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a recent re-reduction of the data from the Very Large Array (VLA) Low-frequency Sky Survey (VLSS). We used the VLSS catalogue as a sky model to correct the ionospheric distortions in the data and create a new set of sky maps and corresponding catalogue at 73.8MHz. The VLSS Redux (VLSSr) has a resolution of 75", and an average map rms noise level of {sigma}~0.1Jy/beam. The clean bias is 0.66x{sigma} and the theoretical largest angular size is 36'. Six previously unimaged fields are included in the VLSSr, which has an unbroken sky coverage over 9.3sr above an irregular southern boundary. The final catalogue includes 92964 sources. The VLSSr improves upon the original VLSS in a number of areas including imaging of large sources, image sensitivity, and clean bias; however the most critical improvement is the replacement of an inaccurate primary beam correction which caused source flux errors which vary as a function of radius to nearest pointing centre in the VLSS.
