- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/227/25
- Title:
- 6 & 1.3cm deep VLA obs. toward 58 high-mass SFRs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/227/25
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a high-sensitivity radio continuum survey at 6 and 1.3cm using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array toward a sample of 58 high-mass star-forming regions. Our sample was chosen from dust clumps within infrared dark clouds with and without IR sources (CMC-IRs and CMCs, respectively), and hot molecular cores (HMCs), with no previous, or relatively weak radio continuum detection at the 1mJy level. Due to the improvement in the continuum sensitivity of the Very Large Array, this survey achieved map rms levels of ~3-10{mu}Jy/beam at sub-arcsecond angular resolution. We extracted 70 continuum sources associated with 1.2mm dust clumps. Most sources are weak, compact, and prime candidates for high-mass protostars. Detection rates of radio sources associated with the millimeter dust clumps for CMCs, CMC-IRs, and HMCs are 6%, 53%, and 100%, respectively. This result is consistent with increasing high-mass star formation activity from CMCs to HMCs. The radio sources located within HMCs and CMC-IRs occur close to the dust clump centers, with a median offset from it of 12000au and 4000au, respectively. We calculated 5-25GHz spectral indices using power-law fits and obtained a median value of 0.5 (i.e., flux increasing with frequency), suggestive of thermal emission from ionized jets. In this paper we describe the sample, observations, and detections.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/720/555
- Title:
- COLA. III. AGN in compact IR galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/720/555
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present results from 4.8GHz Very Large Array (VLA) and global very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) observations of the northern half of the moderate FIR luminosity (median L_IR_=10^11.01^L_{sun}_) COLA (Compact Objects in Low-power AGNs) sample of star-forming galaxies. VLBI sources are detected in a high fraction (20/90) of the galaxies observed. The radio luminosities of these cores (~10^21^W/Hz) are too large to be explained by radio supernovae or supernova remnants and we argue that they are instead powered by active galactic nuclei (AGNs). These sub-parsec scale radio cores are preferentially detected toward galaxies whose VLA maps show bright 100-500 parsec scale nuclear radio components. Since these latter structures tightly follow the FIR to radio-continuum correlation for star formation, we conclude that the AGN-powered VLBI sources are associated with compact nuclear starburst environments. The implications for possible starburst-AGN connections are discussed. The detected VLBI sources have a relatively narrow range of radio luminosity consistent with models in which intense compact Eddington-limited starbursts regulate the gas supply onto a central supermassive black hole. The high incidence of AGN radio cores in compact starbursts suggests little or no delay between the starburst phase and the onset of AGN activity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/744/84
- Title:
- Combined sample of radio-loud AGNs at 408MHz
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/744/84
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The work in this paper aims at determining the evolution and possible co-evolution of radio-loud active galactic nuclei (AGNs) and their cores via their radio luminosity functions (i.e., total and core RLFs, respectively). Using a large combined sample of 1063 radio-loud AGNs selected at low radio frequency, we investigate the RLF (radio luminosity function) at 408MHz of steep-spectrum radio sources. Our results support a luminosity-dependent evolution. Using core flux density data of the complete sample 3CRR (Laing et al., 1983, Cat. J/MNRAS/204/151; see also Cat. VIII/1), we investigate the core RLF at 5.0GHz. Based on the combined sample with incomplete core flux data, we also estimate the core RLF using a modified factor of completeness. Both results are consistent and show that the comoving number density of radio cores displays a persistent decline with redshift, implying a negative density evolution. We find that the core RLF is obviously different from the total RLF at the 408 MHz band which is mainly contributed by extended lobes, implying that the cores and extended lobes could not be co-evolving at radio emission.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/773/67
- Title:
- Compact radio sources near the Galactic center
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/773/67
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have observed the Galactic center (GC) region at 0.154 and 0.255GHz with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope. A total of 62 compact likely extragalactic (EG) sources are detected. Their scattering sizes decrease linearly with increasing angular distance from the GC up to about 1{deg}. The apparent scattering sizes of the sources are more than an order of magnitude less than predicted earlier by the NE2001 model of Galactic electron distribution within 359.5{deg}<l<0.5{deg} and -0.5{deg}<b<0.5{deg} (Hyperstrong Scattering Region) of the Galaxy. High free-free optical depths ({tau}) are observed toward most of the extended non-thermal sources within 0.6{deg} from the GC. Significant variation of {tau} indicates that the absorbing medium is patchy at an angular scale of ~10' and n_e_ is ~10/cm3, which matches the NE2001 model. This model predicts the EG sources to be resolved out from 1.4GHz interferometric surveys. However, out of 10 EG sources expected in the region, 8 likely EG are present in the 1.4GHz catalog. Ionized interfaces of dense molecular clouds to the ambient medium are most likely responsible for strong scattering and low radio frequency absorption. However, dense GC clouds traced by CS J=1-0 emission are found to have a narrow distribution of ~0.2{deg} across the Galactic plane. Angular distribution of most EG sources seen through the so-called Hyperstrong Scattering Region are random in b, and typically ~7 out of 10 sources will not be seen through the dense molecular clouds, which explains why most of them are not scatter broadened at 1.4GHz.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/809/10
- Title:
- Compact radio sources within 30" of Sgr A*
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/809/10
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Recent broadband 34 and 44GHz radio continuum observations of the Galactic center have revealed 41 massive stars identified with near-IR (NIR) counterparts, as well as 44 proplyd candidates within 30" of SgrA*. Radio observations obtained in 2011 and 2014 have been used to derive proper motions of eight young stars near Sgr A*. The accuracy of proper motion estimates based on NIR observations by Lu et al. (2009ApJ...690.1463L) and Paumard et al. (2006, J/ApJ/643/1011) have been investigated by using their proper motions to predict the 2014 epoch positions of NIR stars and comparing the predicted positions with those of radio counterparts in the 2014 radio observations. Predicted positions from Lu et al. show an rms scatter of 6mas relative to the radio positions, while those from Paumard et al. show rms residuals of 20mas. We also determine the mass-loss rates of 11 radio stars, finding rates that are on average ~2 times smaller than those determined from model atmosphere calculations and NIR data. Clumpiness of ionized winds would reduce the mass loss rate of WR and O stars by additional factors of 3 and 10, respectively. One important implication of this is a reduction in the expected mass accretion rate onto Sgr A* from stellar winds by nearly an order of magnitude to a value of a few x10^-7^m_{sun}_/yr. Finally, we present the positions of 318 compact radio sources within 30" of Sgr A*, 45 of which have stellar counterparts in the NIR K_s_ (2.18{mu}m) and L' (3.8{mu}m) bands.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/VIII/56
- Title:
- Compendium of Radio Measurements of Bright Galaxies
- Short Name:
- VIII/56
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This catalog contains all radio measurements of optically bright 'normal' galaxies available up until publication of this compendium in 1975. The compendium was originally intended to simplify statistical analysis of radio properties of these normal galaxies. No data processing was carried out (except to bring the data into a consistent format) and no identification was attempted. These data were originally published as Haynes R.F., Huchtmeier W.K.H., Siegman B., and Wright A.E., CSIRO Publication, 1975. The electronic version of this catalog has made small changes to the original version in an attempt to better identify positions with their source names. Where there was no entry on a line for the source name or position in the published version, data from the previous line was repeated.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/588/A97
- Title:
- Continuum sources from the THOR survey
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/588/A97
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We carried out a large program with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA): "THOR: The HI, OH, Recombination line survey of the Milky Way". We observed a significant portion of the Galactic plane in the first quadrant of the Milky Way in the 21cm HI line, 4 OH transitions, 19 radio recombination lines, and continuum from 1 to 2GHz. In this paper we present a catalog of the continuum sources in the first half of the survey (l=14.0-37.9{deg} and l=47.1-51.2{deg}, |b|<1.1{deg}) at a spatial resolution of 10-25", depending on the frequency and sky position with a spatially varying noise level of ~0.3-1mJy/beam. The catalog contains ~4400 sources. Around 1200 of these are spatially resolved, and ~1000 are possible artifacts, given their low signal-to-noise ratios. Since the spatial distribution of the unresolved objects is evenly distributed and not confined to the Galactic plane, most of them are extragalactic. Thanks to the broad bandwidth of the observations from 1 to 2GHz, we are able to determine a reliable spectral index for ~1800 sources. The spectral index distribution reveals a double-peaked profile with maxima at spectral indices of alpha=-1 and alpha=0, corresponding to steep declining and flat spectra, respectively. This allows us to distinguish between thermal and non-thermal emission, which can be used to determine the nature of each source. We examine the spectral index of ~300 known HII regions, for which we find thermal emission with spectral indices around alpha=0. In contrast, supernova remnants (SNR) show non-thermal emission with alpha=-0.5 and extragalactic objects generally have a steeper spectral index of alpha=-1. Using the spectral index information of the THOR survey, we investigate potential SNR candidates. We classify the radiation of four SNR candidates as non-thermal, and for the first time, we provide strong evidence for the SNR origin of these candidates.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/615/A103
- Title:
- CORNISH project. III. UCHII region catalogue
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/615/A103
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- A catalogue of 239 ultra-compact HII regions (UCHIIs) found in the CORNISH survey at 5GHz and 1.5-arcsec resolution in the region 10{deg}<l<65{deg}, |b|<1{deg} is presented. This is the largest complete and well-selected sample of UCHIIs to date and provides the opportunity to explore the global and individual properties of this key state in massive star formation at multiple wavelengths. The nature of the candidates was validated, based on observational properties and calculated spectral indices, and the analysis is presented in this work. The physical sizes, luminosities and other physical properties were computed by utilising literature distances or calculating the distances whenever a value was not available. The near- and mid-infrared extended source fluxes were measured and the extinctions towards the UCHIIs were computed. The new results were combined with available data at longer wavelengths and the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) were reconstructed for 177 UCHIIs. The bolometric luminosities obtained from SED fitting are presented. By comparing the radio flux densities to previous observational epochs, we find about 5% of the sources appear to be time variable. This first high-resolution area survey of the Galactic plane shows that the total number of UCHIIs in the Galaxy is ~750 - a factor of 3-4 fewer than found in previous large area radio surveys. It will form the basis for future tests of models of massive star formation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/205/1
- Title:
- CORNISH project. II. Source catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/205/1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The CORNISH (Co-Ordinated Radio 'N' Infrared Survey for High-mass star formation) project is the highest resolution radio continuum survey of the Galactic plane to date. It is the 5GHz radio continuum part of a series of multi-wavelength surveys that focus on the northern GLIMPSE region (10{deg}<l<65{deg}), observed by the Spitzer satellite in the mid-infrared. Observations with the Very Large Array in B and BnA configurations have yielded a 1.5" resolution Stokes I map with a root mean square noise level better than 0.4mJy/beam. Here we describe the data-processing methods and data characteristics, and present a new, uniform catalog of compact radio emission. This includes an implementation of automatic deconvolution that provides much more reliable imaging than standard CLEANing. A rigorous investigation of the noise characteristics and reliability of source detection has been carried out. We show that the survey is optimized to detect emission on size scales up to 14" and for unresolved sources the catalog is more than 90% complete at a flux density of 3.9mJy. We have detected 3062 sources above a 7{sigma} detection limit and present their ensemble properties. The catalog is highly reliable away from regions containing poorly sampled extended emission, which comprise less than 2% of the survey area. Imaging problems have been mitigated by down-weighting the shortest spacings and potential artifacts flagged via a rigorous manual inspection with reference to the Spitzer infrared data. We present images of the most common source types found: HII regions, planetary nebulae, and radio galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/369/380
- Title:
- CSS/GPS radio sources VLA observations
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/369/380
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- A sample of 98 Compact Steep-Spectrum and GHz-Peaked Spectrum (CSS-GPS) candidates from the B3-VLA sample has been observed with the VLA (A configuration) at 8.5, 4.9 and 1.5 GHz, with resolutions of 0.2, 0.4 and 1.4 arcsec, in total intensity and polarization. Source positions, flux densities, polarization parameters, angular sizes and spectral information are reported for the confirmed CSS (Table 3) and the non-CSS (Table 3bis) sources.
