- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/774/L12
- Title:
- Kepler multiplanet systems analysis (Q1-Q8)
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/774/L12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Many Kepler multiplanet systems have planet pairs near low-order, mean-motion resonances. In addition, many Kepler multiplanet systems have planets with orbital periods less than a few days. With the exception of Kepler-42, however, there are no examples of systems with both short orbital periods and nearby companion planets while our statistical analysis predicts ~17 such pairs. For orbital periods of the inner planet that are less than three days, the minimum period ratio of adjacent planet pairs follows the rough constraint P=P_2_/P_1_>~2.3(P_1_/day)^-2/3^ (equation (1)). This absence is not due to a lack of planets with short orbital periods. We also show a statistically significant excess of small, single-candidate systems with orbital periods below three days over the number of multiple candidate systems with similar periods--perhaps a small-planet counterpart to the hot Jupiters.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/763/41
- Title:
- Kepler multiple-candidate systems radii
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/763/41
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a study of the relative sizes of planets within the multiple-candidate systems discovered with the Kepler mission (Burke+, 2014, J/ApJS/210/29). We have compared the size of each planet to the size of every other planet within a given planetary system after correcting the sample for detection and geometric biases. We find that for planet pairs for which one or both objects are approximately Neptune-sized or larger, the larger planet is most often the planet with the longer period. No such size-location correlation is seen for pairs of planets when both planets are smaller than Neptune. Specifically, if at least one planet in a planet pair has a radius of >~3R_{oplus}_, 68%+/-6% of the planet pairs have the inner planet smaller than the outer planet, while no preferred sequential ordering of the planets is observed if both planets in a pair are smaller than <~3R_{oplus}_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/728/117
- Title:
- Kepler planetary candidates. I.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/728/117
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In the spring of 2009, the Kepler Mission commenced high-precision photometry on nearly 156000 stars to determine the frequency and characteristics of small exoplanets, conduct a guest observer program, and obtain asteroseismic data on a wide variety of stars. On 2010 June 15, the Kepler Mission released most of the data from the first quarter of observations. At the time of this data release, 705 stars from this first data set have exoplanet candidates with sizes from as small as that of Earth to larger than that of Jupiter. Here we give the identity and characteristics of 305 released stars with planetary candidates. Data for the remaining 400 stars with planetary candidates will be released in 2011 February. More than half the candidates on the released list have radii less than half that of Jupiter. Five candidates are present in and near the habitable zone; two near super-Earth size, and three bracketing the size of Jupiter. The released stars also include five possible multi-planet systems. One of these has two Neptune-size (2.3 and 2.5 Earth radius) candidates with near-resonant periods.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/736/19
- Title:
- Kepler planetary candidates. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/736/19
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- On 2011 February 1 the Kepler mission released data for 156453 stars observed from the beginning of the science observations on 2009 May 2 through September 16. There are 1235 planetary candidates with transit-like signatures detected in this period. These are associated with 997 host stars. Distributions of the characteristics of the planetary candidates are separated into five class sizes: 68 candidates of approximately Earth-size (R_p_<1.25R_{earth}_), 288 super-Earth-size (1.25R_{earth}_<=R_p_<2R_{earth}_), 662 Neptune-size (2R_{earth}_<=R_p_<6R_{earth}_), 165 Jupiter-size (6R_{earth}<=R_p_<15R_{earth}_), and 19 up to twice the size of Jupiter (15R_{earth}_<=R_p_<22R_{earth}_). In the temperature range appropriate for the habitable zone, 54 candidates are found with sizes ranging from Earth-size to larger than that of Jupiter. Six are less than twice the size of the Earth. Over 74% of the planetary candidates are smaller than Neptune. Multi-candidate, transiting systems are frequent; 17% of the host stars have multi-candidate systems, and 34% of all the candidates are part of multi-candidate systems.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/204/24
- Title:
- Kepler planetary candidates. III.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/204/24
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- New transiting planet candidates are identified in 16 months (2009 May-2010 September) of data from the Kepler spacecraft. Nearly 5000 periodic transit-like signals are vetted against astrophysical and instrumental false positives yielding 1108 viable new planet candidates, bringing the total count up to over 2300. Improved vetting metrics are employed, contributing to higher catalog reliability. Most notable is the noise-weighted robust averaging of multi-quarter photo-center offsets derived from difference image analysis that identifies likely background eclipsing binaries. Twenty-two months of photometry are used for the purpose of characterizing each of the candidates. Ephemerides (transit epoch, T_0_, and orbital period, P) are tabulated as well as the products of light curve modeling: reduced radius (R_P_/R_*_), reduced semimajor axis (d/R_*_), and impact parameter (b).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/210/19
- Title:
- Kepler planetary candidates. IV. 22 months
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/210/19
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We provide updates to the Kepler planet candidate sample based upon nearly two years of high-precision photometry (i.e., Q1-Q8). From an initial list of nearly 13400 threshold crossing events, 480 new host stars are identified from their flux time series as consistent with hosting transiting planets. Potential transit signals are subjected to further analysis using the pixel-level data, which allows background eclipsing binaries to be identified through small image position shifts during transit. We also re-evaluate Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs) 1-1609, which were identified early in the mission, using substantially more data to test for background false positives and to find additional multiple systems. Combining the new and previous KOI samples, we provide updated parameters for 2738 Kepler planet candidates distributed across 2017 host stars. From the combined Kepler planet candidates, 472 are new from the Q1-Q8 data examined in this study. The new Kepler planet candidates represent ~40% of the sample with R_P_~1R_{oplus}_ and represent ~40% of the low equilibrium temperature (T_eq_<30 K) sample. We review the known biases in the current sample of Kepler planet candidates relevant to evaluating planet population statistics with the current Kepler planet candidate sample.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/224/12
- Title:
- Kepler planetary candidates. VII. 48-month
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/224/12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the seventh Kepler planet candidate (PC) catalog, which is the first catalog to be based on the entire, uniformly processed 48-month Kepler data set. This is the first fully automated catalog, employing robotic vetting procedures to uniformly evaluate every periodic signal detected by the Q1-Q17 Data Release 24 (DR24) Kepler pipeline. While we prioritize uniform vetting over the absolute correctness of individual objects, we find that our robotic vetting is overall comparable to, and in most cases superior to, the human vetting procedures employed by past catalogs. This catalog is the first to utilize artificial transit injection to evaluate the performance of our vetting procedures and to quantify potential biases, which are essential for accurate computation of planetary occurrence rates. With respect to the cumulative Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) catalog, we designate 1478 new KOIs, of which 402 are dispositioned as PCs. Also, 237 KOIs dispositioned as false positives (FPs) in previous Kepler catalogs have their disposition changed to PC and 118 PCs have their disposition changed to FPs. This brings the total number of known KOIs to 8826 and PCs to 4696. We compare the Q1-Q17 DR24 KOI catalog to previous KOI catalogs, as well as ancillary Kepler catalogs, finding good agreement between them. We highlight new PCs that are both potentially rocky and potentially in the habitable zone of their host stars, many of which orbit solar-type stars. This work represents significant progress in accurately determining the fraction of Earth-size planets in the habitable zone of Sun-like stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/217/31
- Title:
- Kepler planetary candidates. VI. 4yr Q1-Q16
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/217/31
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the sixth catalog of Kepler candidate planets based on nearly four years of high precision photometry. This catalog builds on the legacy of previous catalogs released by the Kepler project and includes 1493 new Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs) of which 554 are planet candidates, and 131 of these candidates have best-fit radii <1.5R_{Earth}_. This brings the total number of KOIs and planet candidates to 7348 and 4175 respectively. We suspect that many of these new candidates at the low signal-to-noise ratio limit may be false alarms created by instrumental noise, and discuss our efforts to identify such objects. We re-evaluate all previously published KOIs with orbital periods of > 50 days to provide a consistently vetted sample that can be used to improve planet occurrence rate calculations. We discuss the performance of our planet detection algorithms, and the consistency of our vetting products.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/217/16
- Title:
- Kepler planetary candidates. V. 3yr Q1-Q12
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/217/16
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Kepler mission discovered 2842 exoplanet candidates with 2yr of data. We provide updates to the Kepler planet candidate sample based upon 3yr (Q1-Q12) of data. Through a series of tests to exclude false-positives, primarily caused by eclipsing binary stars and instrumental systematics, 855 additional planetary candidates have been discovered, bringing the total number known to 3697. We provide revised transit parameters and accompanying posterior distributions based on a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm for the cumulative catalog of Kepler Objects of Interest. There are now 130 candidates in the cumulative catalog that receive less than twice the flux the Earth receives and more than 1100 have a radius less than 1.5R_{Earth}_. There are now a dozen candidates meeting both criteria, roughly doubling the number of candidate Earth analogs. A majority of planetary candidates have a high probability of being bonafide planets, however, there are populations of likely false-positives. We discuss and suggest additional cuts that can be easily applied to the catalog to produce a set of planetary candidates with good fidelity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/235/38
- Title:
- Kepler planetary cand. VIII. DR25 reliability
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/235/38
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the Kepler Object of Interest (KOI) catalog of transiting exoplanets based on searching 4yr of Kepler time series photometry (Data Release 25, Q1-Q17: Twicken+, 2016, J/AJ/152/158). The catalog contains 8054 KOIs, of which 4034 are planet candidates with periods between 0.25 and 632 days. Of these candidates, 219 are new, including two in multiplanet systems (KOI-82.06 and KOI-2926.05) and 10 high-reliability, terrestrial-size, habitable zone candidates. This catalog was created using a tool called the Robovetter, which automatically vets the DR25 threshold crossing events (TCEs). The Robovetter also vetted simulated data sets and measured how well it was able to separate TCEs caused by noise from those caused by low signal-to-noise transits. We discuss the Robovetter and the metrics it uses to sort TCEs. For orbital periods less than 100 days the Robovetter completeness (the fraction of simulated transits that are determined to be planet candidates) across all observed stars is greater than 85%. For the same period range, the catalog reliability (the fraction of candidates that are not due to instrumental or stellar noise) is greater than 98%. However, for low signal-to-noise candidates between 200 and 500 days around FGK-dwarf stars, the Robovetter is 76.7% complete and the catalog is 50.5% reliable.
