This is the first paper of a series in which we present new measurements of the observed rates of supernovae (SNe) in the local Universe, determined from the Lick Observatory Supernova Search. We have obtained 2.3 million observations of 14 882 sample galaxies over an interval of 11 years (1998 March to 2008 December). We considered 1036 SNe detected in our sample and used an optimal subsample of 726 SNe (274 Type Ia SNe, 116 Type Ibc SNe and Type II 324 SNe) to determine our SN rates. This is the largest and most homogeneous set of nearby SNe ever assembled for this purpose, and ours is the first local SN rate analysis based on CCD imaging and modern image-subtraction techniques. In this paper, we lay the foundation of the study.
The highly obscured radio-bright galaxy PKS 1343-601 at Galactic coordinates of (l,b)=(309.7,+1.8) has been suspected to mark the centre of a hitherto unknown cluster in the wider Great Attractor region. As such it presents an ideal region for a search of galaxies in the near-infrared (NIR) and an in-depth study of their colours as a function of extinction. A visual search of a ~30 square-degree area centred on this radio galaxy on images of the NIR DENIS survey (IJK) revealed 83 galaxies (including two AGNs) and 39 possible candidates. Of these, 49 are also listed in the 2MASS Extended Source Catalog 2MASX. Taking the IRAS/DIRBE extinction values (Schlegel et al., 1998ApJ...500..525S) at face value, the absorption in the optical (AB) ranges from ~2mag to over 100mag across the Galactic Plane. Comparing the detections with other systematic surveys, we conclude that this search is highly complete up to the detection limits of the DENIS survey and certainly surpasses any automatic galaxy finding algorithm applied to crowded areas.
Near-infrared data on classical novae contain useful information about the ejected gas mass and the thermal emission by dust formed during eruption, and provide independent methods to classify the objects according to the colour of their progenitors, and the fading rate and features seen after eruption. The VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea survey (VVV) is a near-IR ESO Public Survey mapping the Milky Way bulge and southern plane. Data taken during 2010-2011 covered the entire area in the JHKs bands plus some epochs in Ks-band of the ongoing VVV variability campaign. We used the VVV data to create a near-IR catalogue of the known Galactic novae in the 562 sq. deg. area covered by VVV. We also compiled the information about novae from the variability tables of the VVV variability campaign.
NEOWISE 2-Band Post-Cryo Single Exposure (L1b) Known Solar System Object Possible Association List
Short Name:
WISE 2-Band SSO
Date:
01 Oct 2018 20:27:16
Publisher:
NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
Description:
The NEOWISE Post-Cryo Data Release products were generated using data taken during the mission's Post-Cryo survey phase. This phase covers the time following the exhaustion of solid hydrogen in the WISE payload inner cryogen tank, when the detectors and optics gradually warmed until they reached a stable equilibrium temperature near 73.5 K. During this time, WISE's W1 and W2 detectors continued to acquire high quality imaging data with sensitivities close to that during the mission's cryogenic survey phases. The W3 and W4 detectors were fully saturated by the thermal emission from the warming telescope. WISE scanned approximately 70% of the sky during the Post-Cryo survey phase continuing with the same strategy that was used during the full cryogenic survey.
The Known Solar System Object Possible Associations List is a compendium of asteroids and comets, with orbits known at the time of WISE second-pass data processing, that were predicted to be within the field-of-view at the time of individual WISE exposures. Individual objects were observed multiple times, so may have multiple entries in the list. When the predicted position of a solar system object is in proximity to a detection in the WISE single-exposures, the WISE source position and brightness information are also provided.
NEOWISE 2-Band Post-Cryo Single Exposure (L1b) Source Table
Short Name:
WISE 2-Band ST
Date:
01 Oct 2018 20:27:16
Publisher:
NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
Description:
The NEOWISE Post-Cryo Single-exposure Source Database contains 7,337,642,955 measurements of positions and brightness information, uncertainties, time of observation and assorted quality flags made on the individual WISE 7.7s (W1 and W2) Single-exposure images. Because WISE scanned every point on the sky multiple times, the Single-exposure Database contains multiple, independent measurements of objects on the sky.
Entries in the Single-exposure Source Database include detections of real astrophysical objects, as well as spurious detections of low SNR noise excursions, transient events such as hot pixels, charged particle strikes and satellite streaks, and image artifacts light from bright sources including the moon. Many of the unreliable detections are flagged in the Single-exposure Database, but they have not been filtered out as they were for the All-Sky Release Source Catalog. Therefore, the Database must be used with caution. Users are strongly encouraged to read the Cautionary Notes before using the Database.
NEOWISE-R Known Solar System Object Possible Association List
Short Name:
NEOWISE-R SSOPAL
Date:
01 Oct 2018 20:27:16
Publisher:
NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
Description:
The Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Reactivation Mission (NEOWISE; Mainzer et al. 2014, ApJ, 792, 30) is a NASA Planetary Science Division space-based survey to detect, track and characterize asteroids and comets, and to learn more about the population of near-Earth objects that could pose an impact hazard to the Earth. NEOWISE systematically images the sky at 3.4 and 4.6 μm, obtaining multiple independent observations on each location that enable detection of previously known and new solar system small bodies by virtue of the their motion. Because it is an infrared survey, NEOWISE detects asteroid thermal emission and is equally sensitive to high and low albedo objects.
The Known Solar-System Object Possible Associations List is a compendium of asteroids, comets, planets or planetary satellites, with orbits known at the time of NEOWISE data processing, that were predicted to be within the field-of-view at the time of individual NEOWISE Single-exposures. Individual objects were observed multiple times, so may have multiple entries in the list. When the predicted position of a solar system object is in proximity to a detection in the NEOWISE Single-exposures, the NEOWISE detection position and brightness information are also provided.
NEOWISE-R Single Exposure (L1b) Frame Metadata Table
Short Name:
NEOWISE-R Meta
Date:
01 Oct 2018 20:27:16
Publisher:
NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
Description:
The Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Reactivation Mission (NEOWISE; Mainzer et al. 2014, ApJ, 792, 30) is a NASA Planetary Science Division space-based survey to detect, track and characterize asteroids and comets, and to learn more about the population of near-Earth objects that could pose an impact hazard to the Earth. NEOWISE systematically images the sky at 3.4 and 4.6 μm, obtaining multiple independent observations on each location that enable detection of previously known and new solar system small bodies by virtue of the their motion. Because it is an infrared survey, NEOWISE detects asteroid thermal emission and is equally sensitive to high and low albedo objects.
The following table contains brief descriptions of all metadata information that is relevant to the processing of Single-exposure (level 1) images and the extraction of sources from the corresponding Single-exposure images. The table contains the unique scan ID and frame number for specific each single-exposure image and the reconstructed right ascension and declination of the image center. Much of the information in this table is processing-specific, and may not be of interest to general users (e.g. flags indicating whether frames have been processed or not, and the date and time for starting of the pipeline etc). The metadata table also contains some characterization and derived statistics of the Single-exposure image frames, basic parameters used for photometry and derived statistics for extracted sources and artifacts. For example, it contains the number of sources with profile-fit photometry Signal-to-Noise (SNR) greater than 3, and the total number of real sources affected by artifacts such as latent images and electronic ghosts.
The Near-Earth Object Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Reactivation Mission (NEOWISE; Mainzer et al. 2014, ApJ, 792, 30) is a NASA Planetary Science Division space-based survey to detect, track and characterize asteroids and comets, and to learn more about the population of near-Earth objects that could pose an impact hazard to the Earth. NEOWISE systematically images the sky at 3.4 and 4.6 μm, obtaining multiple independent observations on each location that enable detection of previously known and new solar system small bodies by virtue of the their motion. Because it is an infrared survey, NEOWISE detects asteroid thermal emission and is equally sensitive to high and low albedo objects.
The Single-exposure Source Database is a compendium of position and flux information for source detections made on the individual NEOWISE 7.7s W1 and W2 Single-exposure images. Because NEOWISE scanned the same region of the sky multiple times, the Single-exposure Database contains multiple, independent measurements of objects. Positions, magnitudes in the two NEOWISE bands, astrometric and photometric uncertainties, flags indicating measurement quality, the time of observations and associations with the AllWISE Source Catalog and 2MASS Point Source Catalog are presented for entries in the Database.
We present the properties of 11um selected sources detected in the early data of the North Ecliptic Pole Deep (NEP-Deep) Survey of AKARI. The data set covers 6 wavelength bands from 2.5 to 11um, with exposure times of 10-20 minutes. This field lies within the CFHT survey with four filter bands (g', r', i', z'), enabling us to establish nearly continuous spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for wavelengths ranging from 0.4 to 11um. The main sample studied here consists of 72 sources whose 11um AB magnitudes are equal to or brighter than 18.5 (144uJy), which is complete to more than 90%. The 11um band has an advantage of sampling star-forming galaxies with low-to-medium redshifts, since the prominent PAH feature shifts into this band. As expected, we find that the majority (71%) of 11um bright sources are star-forming galaxies at 0.2~<z~<0.7 with L_IR_~10^10^-10^12^~L_{sun}_ based on detailed modelling of the SEDs. We also find four AGNs lying at various redshifts in the main sample. In addition, we discuss a few sources that have non-typical SEDs of the main sample, including a brown-dwarf candidate, a steep power-law source, a flat-spectrum object, and an early-type galaxy at moderate redshift.
The North-Ecliptic Pole is an important region for extragalactic surveys. Deep/wide contiguous surveys are being performed by several space observatories. We analyse all ROSAT pointed and survey observations within 40deg^2^ around the NEP, restricting the field-of-view to the inner 30' radius. We obtain an X-ray catalogue of 805 sources with 0.5-2keV fluxes >2.9*10^-15^erg/cm^2^/s, a factor of three deeper than the ROSAT All-Sky Survey in this field. The sensitivity and angular resolution of our data are comparable to the eROSITA All-Sky Survey expectations. The 50% position error radius of the sample of X-ray sources is ~10". We use HEROES optical and near-infrared imaging photometry from Subaru and CFHT telescopes together with literature catalogues and a new deep and wide Spitzer survey in the field to identify X-ray sources and calculate photometric redshifts for the candidate counterparts. In particular we utilize mid-IR colours to identify AGN X-ray counterparts. Despite relatively large error circles and faint counterparts, confusion and systematic errors, we obtain a rather reliable catalogue of 766 optical counterparts, redshifts and optical classifications. We find a new population of luminous absorbed X-ray AGN at large redshifts, not recognized in previous X-ray surveys, but identified in our work due to the unique combination of survey solid angle, X-ray sensitivity and multiwavelength photometry. We also use the WISE and Spitzer photometry to identify a sample of 185 AGN selected purely through mid-IR colours, most of which are not detected by ROSAT. Their redshifts and upper limits to X-ray luminosity and X-ray-to-optical flux ratios are even higher than for the new class of X-ray selected luminous type 2 AGN (AGN2); they are probably a natural extension of this sample. This unique dataset is important as a reference sample for future deep surveys in the NEP region, in particular for eROSITA and also for Euclid and SPHEREX. We predict that most of the absorbed distant AGN should be readily picked up by eROSITA, but they require sensitive mid-IR imaging to be recognized as optical counterparts.
