- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/155/81
- Title:
- Diffuse X-ray-emitting gas in major mergers
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/155/81
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using archived data from the Chandra X-ray telescope, we have extracted the diffuse X-ray emission from 49 equal-mass interacting/merging galaxy pairs in a merger sequence, from widely separated pairs to merger remnants. After the removal of contributions from unresolved point sources, we compared the diffuse thermal X-ray luminosity from hot gas (L_X_(gas)) with the global star formation rate (SFR). After correction for absorption within the target galaxy, we do not see a strong trend of L_X_(gas)/SFR with the SFR or merger stage for galaxies with SFR>1 M_{sun}_/yr. For these galaxies, the median L_X_(gas)/SFR is 5.5x10^39^ ((erg/s)/M_{sun}_/yr), similar to that of normal spiral galaxies. These results suggest that stellar feedback in star-forming galaxies reaches an approximately steady-state condition, in which a relatively constant fraction of about 2% of the total energy output from supernovae and stellar winds is converted into X-ray flux. Three late-stage merger remnants with low SFRs and high K-band luminosities (L_K_) have enhanced L_X_(gas)/SFR; their UV/IR/optical colors suggest that they are post-starburst galaxies, perhaps in the process of becoming ellipticals. Systems with L_K_<10^10^ L_{sun}_ have lower L_X_(gas)/SFR ratios than the other galaxies in our sample, perhaps due to lower gravitational fields or lower metallicities. We see no relation between L_X_(gas)/SFR and Seyfert activity in this sample, suggesting that feedback from active galactic nuclei is not a major contributor to the hot gas in our sample galaxies.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/569/689
- Title:
- Distant cluster hunting. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/569/689
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present and analyze the optical and X-ray catalogs of moderate-redshift cluster candidates from the ROSAT Optical X-Ray Survey, or ROXS. The survey covers the sky area contained in the fields of view of 23 deep archival ROSAT PSPC pointings, 4.8 square degrees. The cross-correlated cluster catalogs were constructed by comparing two independent catalogs extracted from the optical and X-ray bandpasses, using a matched-filter technique for the optical data and a wavelet technique for the X-ray data. We cross-identified cluster candidates in each catalog.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/607/A56
- Title:
- Distant clusters of galaxies in the 2XMM/SDSS
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/607/A56
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Galaxy clusters at high redshift are important to test cosmological models and models for the growth of structure. They are difficult to find in wide-angle optical surveys, however, leaving dedicated follow-up of X-ray selected candidates as one promising identification route. We aim to increase the number of galaxy clusters beyond the SDSS-limit, z~0.75. We compiled a list of extended X-ray sources from the 2XMMp catalogue within the footprint of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. Fields without optical counterpart were selected for further investigation. Deep optical imaging and follow-up spectroscopy were obtained with the Large Binocular Telescope, Arizona (LBT), of those candidates not known to the literature. From initially 19 candidates, selected by visually screening X-ray images of 478 XMM-Newton observations and the corresponding SDSS images, 6 clusters were found in the literature. Imaging data through r,z filters were obtained for the remaining candidates, and 7 were chosen for multi-object (MOS) spectroscopy. Spectroscopic redshifts, optical magnitudes, and X-ray parameters (flux, temperature, and luminosity) are presented for the clusters with spectroscopic redshifts. The distant clusters studied here constitute one additional redshift bin for studies of the L-T relation, which does not seem to evolve from high to low redshifts. The selection method of distant galaxy clusters presented here was highly successful. It is based solely on archival optical (SDSS) and X-ray (XMM-Newton) data. Out of 19 selected candidates, 6 of the 7 candidates selected for spectroscopic follow-up were verified as distant clusters, a further candidate is most likely a group of galaxies at z~1.21. Out of the remaining 12 candidates, 6 were known previously as galaxy clusters, one object is a likely X-ray emission from an AGN radio jet, and for 5 we see no clear evidence for them to be high-redshift galaxy clusters.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/392/1509
- Title:
- Distribution of AGNs in galaxy clusters
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/392/1509
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an analysis of the X-ray point source populations in 182 Chandra images of galaxy clusters at z>0.1 with exposure time >10ks, as well as 44 non-cluster fields. The analysis of the number and flux of these sources, using a detailed pipeline to predict the distribution of non-cluster sources in each field, reveals an excess of X-ray point sources associated with the galaxy clusters. A sample of 148 galaxy clusters at 0.1<z<0.9 , with no other nearby clusters, shows an excess of 230 cluster sources in total, an average of ~1.5 sources per cluster. The lack of optical data for these clusters limits the physical interpretation of this result, as we cannot calculate the fraction of cluster galaxies hosting X-ray sources. However, the fluxes of the excess sources indicate that over half of them are very likely to be active galactic nuclei (AGN), and the radial distribution shows that they are quite evenly distributed over the central 1Mpc of the cluster, with almost no sources found beyond this radius. We also use this pipeline to successfully reproduce the results of previous studies, particularly the higher density of sources in the central 0.5Mpc of a few cluster fields, but show that these conclusions are not generally valid for this larger sample of clusters. We conclude that some of these differences may be due to the sample properties, such as the size and redshift of the clusters studied, or a lack of publications for cluster fields with no excess sources. This paper also presents the basic X-ray properties of the galaxy clusters, and in subsequent papers in this series the dependence of the AGN population on these cluster properties will be evaluated.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/650/A157
- Title:
- Dolidze 25 Chandra/ACIS-I X-ray sources
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/650/A157
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The dispersal of protoplanetary disks sets the timescale available for planets to assemble, and thus it is one of the fundamental parameters in theories of planetary formation. Disk dispersal is determined by several properties of the central star, the disk itself, and the surrounding environment. In particular, the metallicity of disks may impact their evolution, even if to date controversial results exist: in low-metallicity clusters disks seem to rapidly disperse, while in the Magellanic Clouds some evidence supports the existence of accreting disks few tens of Myrs old. In this paper we study the dispersal timescale of disks in Dolidze 25, the young cluster in proximity of the Sun with lowest metallicity, with the aim of understanding whether disk evolution is impacted by the low-metallicity of the cluster. We have analyzed Chandra/ACIS-I observations of the cluster and combined the resulting source catalog with existing optical and infrared catalogs of the region. We selected the disk-bearing population in a 1 degree circular region centered on Dolidze~25 from criteria based on infrared colors, and the disk-less population within a smaller central region among the X-ray sources with OIR counterpart. In both cases, criteria are applied to discard contaminating sources in the foreground/background. We have derived stellar parameters from isochrones fitted to color-magnitude diagrams. We derived a disk fraction of about 34% and a median age of the cluster of 1.2Myrs. To minimize the impact of incompleteness and spatial inhomogeneity of the list of members, we restricted this calculation to stars in a magnitude range where our selection of cluster members is fairly complete and by adopting different cuts in stellar masses. By comparing this estimate with existing estimates of the disk fraction of clusters younger than 10Myrs, our study suggests that the disk fraction of Dolidze 25 is lower than what is expected from its age alone. Even if our results are not conclusive given the intrinsic uncertainty on stellar ages estimated from isochrones fitting to color-magnitude diagrams, we suggest that disk evolution in Dolidze 25 may be impacted by the environment. Given the poor O star population and low stellar density of the cluster, it is more likely that disks dispersal timescale is dictated more by the low metallicity of the cluster rather than external photoevaporation or dynamical encounters.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/RAA/14.1135
- Title:
- Doppler factor for a Fermi blazar sample
- Short Name:
- J/other/RAA/14.1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We selected 457 blazars (193 flat spectrum radio quasars, 61 low-synchrotron peaked blazars, 69 intermediate-synchrotron peaked blazars and 134 high-synchrotron peaked blazars) from the second Fermi-LAT catalog (2FGL) of {gamma}-ray sources, which have X-ray observations. We calculated the lower limits for their Doppler factors, {delta}_{gamma}_, and compared the lower limits with the available Doppler factors and the apparent superluminal velocities in the literature.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/437/1561
- Title:
- DR 21 Chandra source catalogue
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/437/1561
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have studied the young low-mass pre-main sequence (PMS) stellar population associated with the massive star-forming region DR 21 by using archival X-ray Chandra observations and by complementing them with existing optical and infrared (IR) surveys. The Chandra observations have revealed for the first time a new highly extincted population of PMS low-mass stars previously missed in observations at other wavelengths. The X-ray population exhibits three main stellar density peaks, coincident with the massive star-forming regions, being the DR 21 core the main peak. The cross-correlated X-ray/IR sample exhibits a radial 'Spokes-like' stellar filamentary structure that extends from the DR 21 core towards the northeast. The near-IR data reveal a centrally peaked structure for the extinction, which exhibits its maximum in the DR 21 core and gradually decreases with the distance to the N-S cloud axis and to the cluster centre. We find evidence of a global mass segregation in the full low-mass stellar cluster, and of a stellar age segregation, with the youngest stars still embedded in the N-S cloud, and more evolved stars more spatially distributed. The results are consistent with the scenario where an elongated overall potential well created by the full low-mass stellar cluster funnels gas through filaments feeding stellar formation. Besides the full gravitational well, smaller scale local potential wells created by dense stellar sub-clusters of low-mass stars are privileged in the competition for the gas of the common reservoir, allowing the formation of massive stars. We also discuss the possibility that a stellar collision in the very dense stellar cluster revealed by Chandra in the DR 21 core is the origin of the large-scale and highly energetic outflow arising from this region.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/746/L22
- Title:
- Dual AGNs in the nearby Universe
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/746/L22
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We study the fraction of dual active galactic nuclei (AGNs) in a sample of 167 nearby (z < 0.05), moderate-luminosity, ultra-hard X-ray-selected AGNs from the all-sky Swift Burst Alert Telescope (BAT) survey. Combining new Chandra and Gemini observations together with optical and X-ray observations, we find that the dual AGN frequency at scales <100 kpc is ~10% (16/167). Of the 16 dual AGNs, only 3 (19%) were detected using X-ray spectroscopy and were not detected using emission line diagnostics. Close dual AGNs (<30 kpc) tend to be more common among the most X-ray luminous systems. In dual AGNs, the X-ray luminosity of both AGNs increases strongly with decreasing galaxy separation, suggesting that the merging event is key in powering both AGNs. Fifty percent of the AGNs with a very close companion (<15 kpc) are dual AGNs. We also find that dual AGNs are more likely to occur in major mergers and tend to avoid absorption line galaxies with elliptical morphologies. Finally, we find that SDSS Seyferts are much less likely than BAT AGNs (0.25% versus 7.8%) to be found in dual AGNs at scales <30 kpc because of a smaller number of companion galaxies, fiber collision limits, a tendency for AGNs at small separations to be detected only in X-rays, and a higher fraction of dual AGN companions with increasing AGN luminosity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/693/1484
- Title:
- Early optical afterglow catalog
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/693/1484
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present multicolor optical observations of long-duration {gamma}-ray bursts (GRBs) made over a three-year period with the robotic Palomar 60 inch telescope (P60). Our sample consists of all 29 events discovered by Swift for which P60 began observations less than 1hr after the burst trigger. We were able to recover 80% of the optical afterglows from this prompt sample, and we attribute this high efficiency to our red coverage. Like Melandri et al. (2008, Cat. J/ApJ/686/1209), we find that a significant fraction (~50%) of Swift events show a suppression of the optical flux with regard to the X-ray emission (the so-called "dark" bursts). Our multicolor photometry demonstrates this is likely due in large part to extinction in the host galaxy. We argue that previous studies, by selecting only the brightest and best-sampled optical afterglows, have significantly underestimated the amount of dust present in typical GRB environments.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/852/53
- Title:
- Early X-ray flares in GRBs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/852/53
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We analyze the early X-ray flares in the GRB "flare-plateau-afterglow" (FPA) phase observed by Swift-XRT. The FPA occurs only in one of the seven GRB subclasses: the binary-driven hypernovae (BdHNe). This subclass consists of long GRBs with a carbon-oxygen core and a neutron star (NS) binary companion as progenitors. The hypercritical accretion of the supernova (SN) ejecta onto the NS can lead to the gravitational collapse of the NS into a black hole. Consequently, one can observe a GRB emission with isotropic energy E_iso_>~10^52^erg, as well as the associated GeV emission and the FPA phase. Previous work had shown that gamma-ray spikes in the prompt emission occur at ~10^15^-10^17^cm with Lorentz Gamma factors {Gamma}~10^2^-10^3^. Using a novel data analysis, we show that the time of occurrence, duration, luminosity, and total energy of the X-ray flares correlate with Eiso. A crucial feature is the observation of thermal emission in the X-ray flares that we show occurs at radii ~10^12^cm with {Gamma}<~4. These model-independent observations cannot be explained by the "fireball" model, which postulates synchrotron and inverse-Compton radiation from a single ultrarelativistic jetted emission extending from the prompt to the late afterglow and GeV emission phases. We show that in BdHNe a collision between the GRB and the SN ejecta occurs at ~10^10^cm, reaching transparency at ~10^12^cm with {Gamma}<~4. The agreement between the thermal emission observations and these theoretically derived values validates our model and opens the possibility of testing each BdHN episode with the corresponding Lorentz Gamma factor.
