The BBXRT database table contains information about each observation made by the Broad Band X-Ray Telescope. It includes a catalog of observations and spectral and lightcurve products for each of the 10 pixels per observation. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
We use the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) to construct a sample of 625 brightest group and cluster galaxies (BCGs) together with control samples of non-BCGs matched in stellar mass, redshift and colour. We investigate how the systematic properties of BCGs depend on stellar mass and on their privileged location near the cluster centre. The groups and clusters that we study are drawn from the C4 catalogue of Miller et al. (2005, Cat. <J/AJ/130/968>) but we have developed improved algorithms for identifying the BCG and for measuring the cluster velocity dispersion. Since the SDSS photometric pipeline tends to underestimate the luminosities of large galaxies in dense environments, we have developed a correction for this effect which can be readily applied to the published catalogue data.
We consider the high radio-frequency (15-353GHz) properties and variability of 35 brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs). These are the most core-dominated sources drawn from a parent sample of more than 700 X-ray selected clusters, thus allowing us to relate our results to the general population. We find that >=6.0 percent of our parent sample (>=15.1 percent if only cool-core clusters are considered) contain a radio source at 150GHz of at least 3mJy (~1x10^23^W/Hz at our median redshift of z~0.13). Furthermore, >=3.4 percent of the BCGs in our parent sample contain a peaked component (Gigahertz Peaked Spectrum, GPS) in their spectra that peaks above 2GHz, increasing to >=8.5 percent if only cool-core clusters are considered. We see little evidence for strong variability at 15GHz on short (week-month) time-scales although we see variations greater than 20 percent at 150GHz over six-month time frames for 4 of the 23 sources with multi-epoch observations. Much more prevalent is long-term (year-decade time-scale) variability, with average annual amplitude variations greater than 1 percent at 15GHz being commonplace. There is a weak trend towards higher variability as the peak of the GPS-like component occurs at higher frequency. We demonstrate the complexity that is seen in the radio spectra of BCGs and discuss the potentially significant implications of these high-peaking components for Sunyaev-Zel'dovich cluster searches.
The radio active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback in X-ray cool cores has been proposed as a crucial ingredient in the evolution of baryonic structures. However, it has long been known that strong radio AGNs also exist in "noncool core" clusters, which brings up the question whether an X-ray cool core is always required for the radio feedback. In this work, we present a systematic analysis of brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) and strong radio AGNs in 152 groups and clusters from the Chandra archive. All 69 BCGs with radio AGN more luminous than 2x10^23^W/Hz at 1.4GHz are found to have X-ray cool cores. BCG cool cores can be divided into two classes: the large cool core (LCC) class and the corona class. As examples of the corona class, we also present detailed analyses of a BCG corona associated with a strong radio AGN (ESO 137-006 in A3627) and one of the faintest coronae known (NGC 4709 in the Centaurus cluster).
Brightest cluster galaxies (BCGs) have grown by accreting numerous smaller galaxies and can be used as tracers of cluster formation and evolution in the cosmic web. However, there is still a controversy on the main epoch of formation of BCGs, since some authors believe they have already formed before redshift z=2, while others still find them to evolve at more recent epochs. We aim to analyse the physical properties of a large sample of BCGs covering a wide redshift range up to z=1.8 and analysed in a homogeneous way, to see if their characteristics vary with redshift. As a first step, we also present a new tool to define for each cluster which galaxy is the BCG. For a sample of 137 clusters with HST images in the optical and/or infrared, we analyse the BCG properties by applying GALFIT with one or two Sersic components. For each BCG, we compute the Sersic index, effective radius, major axis position angle, surface brightness. We then search for correlations of these quantities with redshift. We find that BCGs follow the Kormendy relation (between the effective radius and the mean surface brightness), with a slope that remains constant with redshift, but with a variation with redshift of the ordinate at the origin. Although the trends are faint, we find that both the absolute magnitudes and effective radii tend to become respectively brighter and bigger with decreasing redshift. On the other hand, we find no significant correlation of the mean surface brightnesses or Sersic indices with redshift. The major axes of the cluster elongations and of the BCGs agree within 30 degrees for 73% of our clusters at redshift z<=0.9. Our results agree with the BCGs being mainly formed before redshift z=2. The alignment of the major axes of BCGs with their clusters agree with the general idea that BCGs form at the same time as clusters by accreting matter along the filaments of the cosmic web.
We present the results of a major high-resolution spectropolarimetric BCool project magnetic survey of 170 solar-type stars. Surface magnetic fields were detected on 67 stars, with 21 classified as mature solar-type stars, a result that increases by a factor of 4 the number of mature solar-type stars on which magnetic fields have been observed. In addition, a magnetic field was detected for 3 out of 18 of the subgiant stars surveyed. For the population of K-dwarfs, the mean value of |Bl| (|Bl|_mean_) was also found to be higher (5.7G) than |Bl|_mean_ measured for the G-dwarfs (3.2G) and the F-dwarfs (3.3G). For the sample as a whole, |Bl|_mean_ increases with rotation rate and decreases with age, and the upper envelope for |Bl| correlates well with the observed chromospheric emission. Stars with a chromospheric S-index greater than about 0.2 show a high magnetic field detection rate and so offer optimal targets for future studies. This survey constitutes the most extensive spectropolarimetric survey of cool stars undertaken to date, and suggests that it is feasible to pursue magnetic mapping of a wide range of moderately active solar-type stars to improve our understanding of their surface fields and dynamos.
We report parallax measurements for 70 ultracool dwarfs (UCDs) including 11 late-M, 32 L, and 27 T dwarfs. In this sample, 14 M and L dwarfs exhibit low surface gravity features, 6 are close binary systems, and 2 are metal-poor subdwarfs. We combined our new measurements with 114 previously published UCD parallaxes and optical-mid-IR photometry to examine trends in spectral-type/absolute magnitude, and color-color diagrams. We report new polynomial relations between spectral type and M_JHK_. Including resolved L/T transition binaries in the relations, we find no reason to differentiate between a "bright" (unresolved binary) and a "faint" (single source) sample across the L/T boundary. Isolating early T dwarfs, we find that the brightening of T0-T4 sources is prominent in M_J_ where there is a [1.2-1.4] mag difference. A similar yet dampened brightening of [0.3-0.5] mag happens at M_H_ and a plateau or dimming of [-0.2 to -0.3] mag is seen in M_K_. Comparison with evolutionary models that vary gravity, metallicity, and cloud thickness verifies that for L into T dwarfs, decreasing cloud thickness reproduces brown dwarf near-IR color-magnitude diagrams. However we find that a near constant temperature of 1200 +/-100 K along a narrow spectral subtype of T0-T4 is required to account for the brightening and color-magnitude diagram of the L-dwarf/T-dwarf transition. There is a significant population of both L and T dwarfs which are red or potentially "ultra-cloudy" compared to the models, many of which are known to be young indicating a correlation between enhanced photospheric dust and youth. For the low surface gravity or young companion L dwarfs we find that 8 out of 10 are at least [0.2-1.0] mag underluminous in M_JH_and/or M_K_compared to equivalent spectral type objects. We speculate that this is a consequence of increased dust opacity and conclude that low surface gravity L dwarfs require a completely new spectral-type/absolute magnitude polynomial for analysis.
Radial velocity measurements are presented for 85 late M- and L-type very low-mass stars and brown dwarfs obtained with the Magellan Echellette spectrograph. Targets primarily have distances within 20pc of the Sun, with more distant sources selected for their unusual spectral energy distributions. We achieved precisions of 2-3km/s, and combined these with astrometric and spectrophotometric data to calculate UVW velocities. Most are members of the thin disk of the Galaxy, and velocity dispersions indicate a mean age of 5.2+/-0.2Gyr for sources within 20pc. We find significantly different kinematic ages between late-M dwarfs (4.0+/-0.2Gyr) and L dwarfs (6.5+/-0.4Gyr) in our sample that are contrary to predictions from prior simulations. This difference appears to be driven by a dispersed population of unusually blue L dwarfs which may be more prevalent in our local volume-limited sample than in deeper magnitude-limited surveys. The L dwarfs exhibit an asymmetric U velocity distribution with a net inward flow, similar to gradients recently detected in local stellar samples. Simulations incorporating brown dwarf evolution and Galactic orbital dynamics are unable to reproduce the velocity asymmetry, suggesting non-axisymmetric perturbations or two distinct L dwarf populations. We also find the L dwarfs to have a kinematic age-activity correlation similar to more massive stars. We identify several sources with low surface gravities, and two new substellar candidate members of nearby young moving groups: the astrometric binary DENIS J08230313-4912012AB, a low-probability member of the {beta} Pictoris Moving Group; and 2MASS J15104786-2818174, a moderate-probability member of the 30-50Myr Argus Association.
A two-component model of radio emission has been used to explain some radio observational properties of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) and, in particular, of blazars. In this work, we extend the two-component idea to the {gamma}-ray emission and assume that the total {gamma}-ray output of blazars consists of relativistically beamed and unbeamed components. The basic idea leverages the correlation between the radio core-dominance parameter and the {gamma}-ray beaming factor. To do so, we evaluate this correlation for a large sample of 584 blazars taken from the fourth source catalog of the Fermi Large Area Telescope (Fermi-LAT) and correlated their {gamma}-ray core-dominance parameters with radio core-dominance parameters. The {gamma}-ray beaming factor is then used to estimate the beamed and unbeamed components. Our analysis confirms that the {gamma}-ray emission in blazars is mainly from the beamed component.
Whether radio-intermediate quasars possess relativistic jets as radio-loud quasars do is an important issue in the understanding of the origin of radio emission in quasars. In this paper, using the two-epoch radio data obtained during the Faint Images of the Radio Sky at Twenty cm (FIRST) and NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS), we identified 89 radio-variable sources in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). Among them, more than half are radio-intermediate quasars (RL=f_20cm_/f_2500{AA}_<250). For all objects with available multiple-band radio observations, the radio spectra are either flat or inverted. The brightness temperature inferred from the variability is larger than the synchrotron self-Compton limit for a stationary source in 87 objects, indicating relativistic beaming. Considering the sample selection and the viewing angle effect, we conclude that relativistic jets probably exist in a substantial fraction of radio-intermediate quasars.