A precise understanding of the relations between observable X-ray properties of galaxy clusters and cluster mass is a vital part of the application of X-ray galaxy cluster surveys to test cosmological models. An understanding of how these relations evolve with redshift is just emerging from a number of observational data sets. The current literature provides a diverse and inhomogeneous picture of scaling relation evolution. We attempt to transform these results and the data on recently discovered distant clusters into an updated and consistent framework, and provide an overall view of scaling relation evolution from the combined data sets. We study in particular the most important scaling relations connecting X-ray luminosity, temperature, and cluster mass (M-T, L_X_-T, and M-L_X_) combining 14 published data sets supplemented with recently published data of distant clusters and new results from follow-up observations of the XMM-Newton Distant Cluster Project (XDCP) that adds new leverage to efficiently constrain the scaling relations at high redshift.
We present the results of a search for extended X-ray sources and their corresponding galaxy groups from 800ks Chandra coverage of the All-wavelength Extended Groth Strip International Survey (AEGIS). This yields one of the largest X-ray-selected galaxy group catalogs from a blind survey to date. The red-sequence technique and spectroscopic redshifts allow us to identify 100% of reliable sources, leading to a catalog of 52 galaxy groups. These groups span the redshift range z~0.066-1.544 and virial mass range M_200_~1.3-13.3x10^13^^M_{sun}_. For the 49 extended sources that lie within DEEP2 and DEEP3 Galaxy Redshift Survey coverage, we identify spectroscopic counterparts and determine velocity dispersions. We select member galaxies by applying different cuts along the line of sight or in projected spatial coordinates. A constant cut along the line of sight can cause a large scatter in scaling relations in low-mass or high-mass systems depending on the size of the cut. A velocity-dispersion-based virial radius can cause a larger overestimation of velocity dispersion in comparison to an X-ray-based virial radius for low-mass systems. There is no significant difference between these two radial cuts for more massive systems. Independent of radial cut, an overestimation of velocity dispersion can be created in the case of the existence of significant substructure and compactness in X-ray emission, which mostly occur in low-mass systems. We also present a comparison between X-ray galaxy groups and optical galaxy groups detected using the Voronoi-Delaunay method for DEEP2 data in this field.
In high-resolution X-ray observations of the hot plasma in clusters of galaxies significant structures caused by AGN feedback, mergers, and turbulence can be detected. Many clusters have been observed by Chandra in great depth and at high resolution. Using archival data taken with the Chandra ACIS instrument the aim was to study thermodynamic perturbations of the X-ray emitting plasma and to apply this to better understand the thermodynamic and dynamic state of the intra cluster medium (ICM). We analyzed deep observations for a sample of 33 clusters with more than 100ks of Chandra exposure each at distances between redshift 0.025 and 0.45. The combined exposure of the sample is 8Ms. Fitting emission models to different regions of the extended X-ray emission we searched for perturbations in density, temperature, pressure, and entropy of the hot plasma. For individual clusters we mapped the thermodynamic properties of the ICM and measured their spread in circular concentric annuli. Comparing the spread of different gas quantities to high-resolution 3D hydrodynamic simulations, we constrain the average Mach number regime of the sample to Mach1D ~0.16+/-0.07. In addition we found a tight correlation between metallicity, temperature and redshift with an average metallicity of Z~0.3+/-0.1 Z(solar). This study provides detailed perturbation measurements for a large sample of clusters which can be used to study turbulence and make predictions for future X-ray observatories like eROSITA, Astro-H, and Athena.
We present the results of a high-resolution X-ray imaging study of the stellar population in the Galactic massive star-forming region RCW 49 and its central OB association Westerlund 2. We obtained a ~40ks X-ray image of a ~17'x17' field using the Chandra X-Ray Observatory and deep NIR images using the Infrared Survey Facility in a concentric ~8.3'x8.3' region. We detected 468 X-ray sources and identified optical, NIR, and Spitzer MIR counterparts for 379 of them.
We present X-ray Luminosity Distributions (XLDs) of late-type members (dF, dG, dK, dM) of the Blanco 1 cluster, based on ROSAT-HRI data and new astrometric-photometric membership obtained from the GSC-II project. For the first time we present the XLD of dM stars of this cluster. The high metallicity of Blanco 1 allows us to investigate the role of chemical composition on the coronal emission of late-type stars. Comparison between X-ray Luminosity Distributions of Blanco 1 and Pleiades, NGC 2516 and {alpha} Per suggests a possible metallicity effect in dM stars.
We present a catalogue of X-ray luminosities for 401 early-type galaxies, of which 136 are based on newly analysed ROSAT PSPC pointed observations (Cat. <IX/30>). The remaining luminosities are taken from the literature and converted to a common energy band, spectral model and distance scale. Using this sample we fit the L_X_/L_B_ relation for early-type galaxies and find a best-fit slope for the catalogue of ~2.2. We demonstrate the influence of group-dominant galaxies on the fit and present evidence that the relation is not well modelled by a single power-law fit. We also derive estimates of the contribution to galaxy X-ray luminosities from discrete-sources and conclude that they provide L_(discrete-source-contribution)_/L_B_~29.5erg/s/L_B{sun}_. We compare this result with luminosities from our catalogue. Lastly, we examine the influence of environment on galaxy X-ray luminosity and on the form of the L_X_/L_B_ relation. We conclude that although environment undoubtedly affects the X-ray properties of individual galaxies, particularly those in the centres of groups and clusters, it does not change the nature of whole populations.
We use ROSAT All Sky Survey broad-band X-ray images and the optical clusters identified from Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 7 to estimate the X-ray luminosities around ~65000 candidate clusters with masses >~10^13^h-1^M_{sun}_ based on an optical to X-ray (OTX) code we develop. We obtain a catalogue with X-ray luminosity for each cluster. This catalogue contains 817 clusters (473 at redshift z<=0.12) with signal-to-noise ratio >3 in X-ray detection. We find about 65% of these X-ray clusters have their most massive member located near the X-ray flux peak; for the rest 35%, the most massive galaxy is separated from the X-ray peak, with the separation following a distribution expected from a Navarro-Frenk-White profile. We investigate a number of correlations between the optical and X-ray properties of these X-ray clusters, and find that the cluster X-ray luminosity is correlated with the stellar mass (luminosity) of the clusters, as well as with the stellar mass (luminosity) of the central galaxy and the mass of the halo, but the scatter in these correlations is large. Comparing the properties of X-ray clusters of similar halo masses but having different X-ray luminosities, we find that massive haloes with masses >~10^14^h^-1^M_{sun}_ contain a larger fraction of red satellite galaxies when they are brighter in X-ray. An opposite trend is found in central galaxies in relative low-mass haloes with masses <~10^14^h^-1^M_{sun}_ where X-ray brighter clusters have smaller fraction of red central galaxies. Clusters with masses >~10^14^h^-1^M_{sun}_ that are strong X-ray emitters contain many more low-mass satellite galaxies than weak X-ray emitters. These results are also confirmed by checking X-ray clusters of similar X-ray luminosities but having different characteristic stellar masses. A cluster catalogue containing the optical properties of member galaxies and the X-ray luminosity is available at http://gax.shao.ac.cn/data/Group.html.
We use a 440.5ks Chandra observation of the ~500Myr old open cluster M37 to derive the X-ray luminosity functions of its <=1.2M_{sun}_ stars. Combining detections of 162 M37 members with upper limits for 160 non-detections, we find that its G, K, and M stars have a similar median (0.5-7keV) X-ray luminosity L_X_=10^29.0^erg/s, whereas the L_X_-to-bolometric-luminosity ratio (L_X_/L_bol_) indicates that M stars are more active than G and K stars by ~1 order of magnitude at 500Myr. To characterize the evolution of magnetic activity in low-mass stars over their first ~600Myr, we consolidate X-ray and optical data from the literature for stars in six other open clusters: from youngest to oldest they are, the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC), NGC 2547, NGC 2516, the Pleiades, NGC 6475, and the Hyades. For these, we homogenize the conversion of instrumental count rates to L_X_ by applying the same one-temperature emission model as for M37, and obtain masses using the same empirical mass-absolute magnitude relation (except for the ONC). We find that for G and K stars X-ray activity decreases ~2 orders of magnitude over their first 600Myr, and for M stars, ~1.5. The decay rate of the median L_X_ follows the relation L_X_{propto}t^b^, where b=-0.61+/-0.12 for G stars, -0.82+/-0.16 for K stars, and -0.40+/-0.17 for M stars. In L_X_/L_bol_ space, the slopes are -0.68+/-0.12, -0.81+/-0.19, and -0.61+/-0.12, respectively. These results suggest that for low-mass stars the age-activity relation steepens after ~625Myr, consistent with the faster decay in activity observed in solar analogs at t>1Gyr.
We demonstrate that individual elliptical galaxies and clusters of galaxies form a continuous X-ray luminosity-velocity dispersion (L_X_-{sigma}) relation. Our samples of 280 clusters and 57 galaxies have L_X_ {prop.to}{sigma}^4.4^ and L_X_{prop.to}{sigma}^10^, respectively. This unified L_X_-{sigma} relation spans 8 orders of magnitude in L_X_ and is fully consistent with the observed and theoretical luminosity-temperature scaling laws. Our results support the notion that galaxies and clusters of galaxies are the luminous tracers of similar dark matter halos.
We present a photometric and spectroscopic study of stellar populations in the X-ray-luminous cluster of galaxies RX J0142.0+2131 at z=0.280. This paper analyzes the results of high signal-to-noise ratio spectroscopy, as well as g'-, r'-, and i'-band imaging, using the Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph on Gemini North.
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