- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/753/50
- Title:
- 6.7GHz methanol masers. I. NH_3_ lines
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/753/50
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Methanol masers at 6.7GHz are known to be tracers of high-mass star formation in our Galaxy. In this paper, we study the large-scale physical conditions in the star-forming clumps/cores associated with 6.7GHz methanol masers using observations of the (1,1), (2,2), and (3,3) inversion transitions of ammonia with the Effelsberg telescope. The gas kinetic temperature is found to be higher than in infrared dark clouds, highlighting the relatively evolved nature of the maser sources. Other than a weak correlation between maser luminosity and the ammonia line width, we do not find any differences between low- and high-luminosity methanol masers.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/763/2
- Title:
- 95GHz methanol masers in molecular outflows
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/763/2
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have observed a sample of 288 molecular outflow sources including 123 high-mass and 165 low-mass sources in order to search for class I methanol masers at the 95GHz transition and to investigate the relationship between outflow characteristics and class I methanol maser emission with the Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7m radio telescope. Our survey detected 62 sources with 95GHz methanol masers above a 3{sigma} detection limit, which includes 47 high-mass sources and 15 low-mass sources. Therefore, the detection rate is 38% for high-mass outflow sources and 9% for low-mass outflow sources, suggesting that class I methanol masers are relatively easily excited in high-mass sources. There are 37 newly detected 95GHz methanol masers (including 27 high-mass and 10 low-mass sources), 19 of which are newly identified (i.e., first identification) class I methanol masers (including 13 high-mass and 6 low-mass sources). A statistical analysis of the distributions of maser detections with the outflow parameters reveals that the maser detection efficiency increases with the outflow properties (e.g., mass, momentum, kinetic energy, mechanical luminosity of outflows, etc.). Systematic investigations of the relationships between the intrinsic luminosity of methanol masers and the outflow properties (including mass, momentum, kinetic energy, bolometric luminosity, and mass-loss rate of the central stellar sources) indicate a positive correlation. This further supports the theory that class I methanol masers are collisionally pumped and associated with shocks when outflows interact with the surrounding ambient medium.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/474/219
- Title:
- 6.7 GHz methanol masers observations
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/474/219
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report results of 6.7GHz methanol maser monitoring of 139 star-forming sites with the Torun 32-m radio telescope from 2009 June to 2013 February. The targets were observed at least once a month, with higher cadences of two to four measurements per week for circumpolar objects. Nearly 80 per cent of the sources display variability greater than 10 per cent on a time-scale between a week and a few years, but about three quarters of the sample have only one to three spectral features that vary significantly. Irregular intensity fluctuation is the dominant type of variability and only nine objects show evidence for cyclic variations with periods of 120 to 416d. Synchronized and anticorrelated variations of maser features are detected in four sources with a disc-like morphology. Rapid and high-amplitude bursts of individual features are seen on three to five occasions in five sources. Long (>50d to 20 months) lasting bursts are observed mostly for individual or groups of features in 19 sources and only one source experienced a remarkable global flare. A few flaring features display a strong anticorrelation between intensity and line-width that is expected for unsaturated amplification. There is a weak anticorrelation between the maser feature luminosity and variability measure, i.e. maser features with low luminosity tend to be more variable than those with high luminosity. The analysis of the spectral energy distribution and continuum radio emission reveals that the variability of the maser features increases when the bolometric luminosity and Lyman flux of the exciting object decreases. Our results support the concept of a major role for infrared pumping photons in triggering outburst activity of maser emission.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/245/12
- Title:
- 6.7GHz methanol masers & RRLs in MSX regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/245/12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report a systematic survey of a 6.7GHz Class II methanol maser toward a sample of 448 sources selected from the Red Midcourse Space Experiment Source catalog. These sample sources are composed of high-mass star-forming region (HMSFR) candidates and have been studied as tracers of HMSFRs, such as water masers or radio continuum emission of ultracompact HII region. The survey was conducted using the Shanghai Tianma Radio Telescope. Through the observations, we simultaneously studied the 4.7 and 6.0GHz excited-state interstellar hydroxyl (OH) maser lines and 10 hydrogen radio recombination lines (RRLs) in the C band. In total, we detected 6.7GHz methanol masers and RRLs from 102 and 116 sources, respectively. In addition, 4, 3, and 10 sources exhibit OH masers at 4765.56, 6030.75, and 6035.09MHz transitions, respectively. Through the survey, we identified four new 6.7GHz methanol maser sources and three new excited-state OH maser sources (one at 4750MHz and two at 6035MHz). The statistical analysis demonstrated that there is a positive correlation of luminosity between 6.7GHz methanol masers and RRLs. A good correlation of integrated luminosity between radio continuum emission and the 6.7GHz methanol masers is presented with respect to the RRL emission sources. The average of the integrated luminosities of the RRLs in the sources with 6.7GHz masers is greater than those without the 6.7GHz masers; similarly, the average of integrated luminosities of the 6.7GHz methanol masers in the sources with RRLs is greater than those without the RRLs. Moreover, we found that the averages of the emission measure and electron temperature of HII regions associated with 6.7GHz methanol masers are larger than those without the 6.7GHz methanol masers. This suggests that the masers are most likely produced in high gas density and luminous regions with brighter RRLs and higher radio continuum emission.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/403/1095
- Title:
- 6.7GHz methanol masers survey of low-mass YSO
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/403/1095
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the results of a search for 6.7-GHz methanol masers toward low-mass young stellar objects (YSOs) and (pre)protostellar condensations with the Australia Telescope Compact Array (ATCA). Our sample consisted of 13 class 0 protostars and 44 class I YSOs as well as 66 (pre)protostellar condensations. A single detection was obtained toward NGC 2024: FIR4 in the Orion B region. This is the first detection of a 6.7-GHz methanol maser in Orion. The nature of FIR4 has been a subject of debate with some evidence suggesting that it is a very cold high-mass (pre)protostellar condensation and others arguing that it is a low-mass YSO. The discovery of a methanol maser associated with this source is inconsistent with both of these hypotheses and we suggest that FIR4 probably harbours an intermediate- or high-mass YSO.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/196/9
- Title:
- 95GHz methanol maser survey toward GLIMPSE EGOs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/196/9
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the results of a systematic survey for 95GHz class I methanol masers toward a new sample of 192 massive young stellar object candidates associated with ongoing outflows (known as extended green objects or EGOs) identified from the Spitzer Galactic Legacy Infrared Mid-Plane Survey Extraordinaire (GLIMPSE) survey. The observations were made with the Australia Telescope National Facility (ATNF) Mopra 22m radio telescope and resulted in the detection of 105 new 95GHz class I methanol masers. For 92 of the sources our observations provide the first identification of a class I maser transition associated with these objects (i.e., they are new class I methanol maser sources). Our survey proves that there is indeed a high detection rate (55%) of class I methanol masers toward EGOs. Comparison of the GLIMPSE point sources associated with EGOs with and without class I methanol maser detections shows that they have similar mid-IR colors, with the majority meeting the color selection criteria -0.6<[5.8]-[8.0]<1.4 and 0.5<[3.6]-[4.5]<4.0. Investigations of the Infrared Array Camera and Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer 24um colors and the associated millimeter dust clump properties (mass and density) of the EGOs for the sub-samples based on the class of methanol masers they are associated with suggest that the stellar mass range associated with class I methanol masers extends to lower masses than for class II methanol masers, or alternatively class I methanol masers may be associated with more than one evolutionary phase during the formation of a high-mass star.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/VIII/96
- Title:
- 6-GHz methanol multibeam maser catalogue
- Short Name:
- VIII/96
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have conducted a Galactic plane survey of methanol masers at 6668 MHz using a seven-beam receiver on the Parkes telescope, refered to as MX observations. Paper I provides sensitive unbiased coverage of a large region around the Galactic Centre. Details are given for 183 methanol maser sites in the longitude range 345{deg} through the Galactic Centre to 6{deg}. Within 6{deg} of the Galactic Centre, we found 88 maser sites, of which more than half (48) are new discoveries. The masers are confined to a narrow Galactic latitude range, indicative of many sources at the Galactic Centre distance and beyond, and confined to a thin disc population; there is no high-latitude population that might be ascribed to the Galactic bulge. Paper II spans the longitude range 6{deg} to 20{deg}. We report the detection of 119 maser sources, of which 42 are new discoveries. Paper III covers the longitude range 330{deg}-345{deg}, yielding 198 masers, of which more than 40 per cent are new discoveries. Paper IV span the longitude range 186{deg}-330{deg}. We report 207 maser detections, 89 new to the survey. This completes the southern sky part of the methanol multibeam survey and includes a large proportion of new sources, 43 per cent. We also include results from blind observations of the Orion-Monoceros star-forming region, formally outside the latitude range of the methanol multibeam survey; only the four previously known methanol emitting sites were detected, of which we present new positions and spectra for masers at Orion A (south) and Orion B, obtained with the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) array.
5448. 12.2 GHz methanol survey
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/413/233
- Title:
- 12.2 GHz methanol survey
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/413/233
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present results of 12.2GHz methanol maser survey done with the Torun 32 meter radio telescope. We examined 261 star forming sites, known as containing 6.7GHz maser emission sources. The survey resulted in 49 sources with maser line detection, with 21 previously unknown emissions. All detected 12.2GHz masers have been observed at 6.7GHz transition. Only one 12.2GHz source has no 6.7GHz counterpart. We compared basic spectral line properties at both transitions. In a few cases we observed absorption features and emitting counterparts in the other monitored frequency, at the same velocity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/137/3718
- Title:
- 15GHz monitoring of AGN jets with VLBA
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/137/3718
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present images from a long-term program (MOJAVE: Monitoring of Jets in active galactic nuclei (AGNs) with VLBA Experiments) to survey the structure and evolution of parsec-scale jet phenomena associated with bright radio-loud active galaxies in the northern sky. The observations consist of 2424 15GHz Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA) images of a complete flux-density-limited sample of 135 AGNs above declination -20{deg}, spanning the period 1994 August to 2007 September. These data were acquired as part of the MOJAVE and 2cm Survey programs, and from the VLBA archive. The sample-selection criteria are based on multi-epoch parsec-scale (VLBA) flux density, and heavily favor highly variable and compact blazars. The sample includes nearly all the most prominent blazars in the northern sky, and is well suited for statistical analysis and comparison with studies at other wavelengths. Our multi-epoch and stacked-epoch images show 94% of the sample to have apparent one-sided jet morphologies, most likely due to the effects of relativistic beaming. Of the remaining sources, five have two-sided parsec-scale jets, and three are effectively unresolved by the VLBA at 15GHz, with essentially all of the flux density contained within a few tenths of a milliarcsecond.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/VIII/65
- Title:
- 1.4GHz NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS)
- Short Name:
- VIII/65
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The NRAO VLA Sky Survey (NVSS) is a radio continuum survey covering the sky north of -40{deg} declination at 1.4GHz. The principal data products of the NVSS are a set of 2326 4x4{deg} continuum "cubes" with three planes containing Stokes I, Q, and U images, plus a catalog of almost 2 million discrete sources stronger than a flux density of about 2.5mJy. The images all have 45 arcsecond FWHM angular resolution and nearly uniform sensitivity. Their rms brightness fluctuations are approximately 0.45mJy/beam=0.14K (Stokes I) and 0.29mJy/beam=0.09K (Stokes Q and U). The rms uncertainties in right ascension and declination vary from <= ~1arcsecond for the 400,000 sources stronger than 15mJy to 7arcseconds at the survey limit. A more detailed description is provided in the printed paper and at the NVSS website at http://www.cv.nrao.edu/nvss/ where all data products, user software, and updates were released as soon as they were produced and verified.