- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/PASP/122/261
- Title:
- Herschel Reference Survey Sample
- Short Name:
- J/PASP/122/261
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Herschel Reference Survey is a Herschel guaranteed time key project and will be a benchmark study of dust in the nearby universe. The survey will complement a number of other Herschel key projects including large cosmological surveys that trace dust in the distant universe. We will use Herschel to produce images of a statistically-complete sample of 323 galaxies at 250, 350, and 500um. The sample is volume-limited, containing sources with distances between 15 and 25Mpc and flux limits in the K band to minimize the selection effects associated with dust and with young high-mass stars and to introduce a selection in stellar mass. The sample spans the whole range of morphological types (ellipticals to late-type spirals) and environments (from the field to the center of the Virgo Cluster) and as such will be useful for other purposes than our own. We plan to use the survey to investigate (i) the dust content of galaxies as a function of Hubble type, stellar mass, and environment; (ii) the connection between the dust content and composition and the other phases of the interstellar medium; and (iii) the origin and evolution of dust in galaxies. In this article, we describe the goals of the survey, the details of the sample and some of the auxiliary observing programs that we have started to collect complementary data. We also use the available multifrequency data to carry out an analysis of the statistical properties of the sample.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/409/2
- Title:
- 86 Herschel sources SED model parameters
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/409/2
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 86 Herschel sources detected at 5{sigma} at 250, 350 and 500um in the HerMES SWIRE-Lockman field. We explore whether existing models for starbursts, quiescent star-forming galaxies and active galactic nucleus dust tori are able to model the full range of SEDs measured with Herschel. We find that while many galaxies (~56 per cent) are well fitted with the templates used to fit IRAS, Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and Spitzer sources, for about half the galaxies two new templates are required: quiescent ('cirrus') models with colder (10-20K) dust and a young starburst model with higher optical depth than Arp 220. Predictions of submillimetre fluxes based on model fits to 4.5-24um data agree rather poorly with the observed fluxes, but the agreement is better for fits to 4.5-70um data. Herschel galaxies detected at 500um tend to be those with the highest dust masses.
- ID:
- ivo://nasa.heasarc/herschllog
- Title:
- Herschel Space Observatory Log of Observations
- Short Name:
- HERSCHLLOG
- Date:
- 27 Sep 2024
- Publisher:
- NASA/GSFC HEASARC
- Description:
- The Herschel Space Observatory (Herschel) is an ESA (European Space Agency) project with instruments funded by ESA member states. It was operated from May 2009 till April 2013, offering unprecedented observational capabilities in the far-infrared and sub-millimeter spectral range (55-671 microns [um]). Herschel carried a 3.5m diameter passively cooled Cassegrain telescope, which was the largest of its kind and utilizes a novel silicon carbide technology. The science payload comprised three instruments: two direct detection cameras/medium resolution spectrometers, the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) and the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE), and a very high-resolution heterodyne spectrometer, the Heterodyne Instrument for the Far Infrared or HIFI, whose focal plane units were housed inside a superfluid helium cryostat. PACS comprised two mutually exclusive sub-instruments: a bolometric camera designed to perform photometry in three spectral bands (70, 100 and 160 um) and an integral field unit grating spectrometer operating over the spectral range from 57 to 210 um with a spectral resolution ranging from 1000 to 5000. SPIRE comprised a three-band photometer, operating in spectral bands centered on 250, 350 and 500 um, and an imaging Fourier-Transform Spectrometer (FTS), which provided low resolution spectra over the 195-670 um band. Both instruments used germanium bolometers operating at 0.3 K and coupled to the telescope with hexagonally conical feedhorns. The photometer and the spectrometer were not designed to operate simultaneously. HIFI was designed to obtain spectra with very high resolution (up to 10<sup>7</sup>) in the far-infrared and sub-millimeter wavelengths not directly observable by ground-based telescopes. The HIFI instrument was an heterodyne receiver which provided spectroscopy in the continuous frequency range 480-1250 GHz (240-625 microns) and in the frequency range 1410-1910 GHz (157-213 microns). Herschel had two Announcement of Opportunities (AOs) for Open Time (OT) observations. The first in-flight AO for Open Time (OT1) was opened on 20 May 2010, with a deadline of 22 July 2010. For OT1, 241 observing programs were accepted and the total allocated observing time amounts to 6576.9 hours. The second in-flight AO for Open Time (OT2) was opened on 9 June 2011, with a deadline of 15 September 2011. There were parallel AOs for Guaranteed Time observations, GT1 and GT2, with separate deadlines. The Announcement of Opportunity (AO) for Herschel Key Programs (KP) was issued on 1 February 2007, with separate deadlines for guaranteed time (GT) and open time (OT) proposals. The whole Key Program AO process has now been completed, and by coincidence there were exactly the same number of KP GT and OT programs, in both cases 21 programs were awarded observing time. Taken together, these 42 observing programs contained 11,650 astronomical observation requests or AORs (AORs are the primary units of Herschel observing time and are effectively the Herschel 'observation units'). The total allocated observing time for these programs was 11,257.7 hours, corresponding to approximately 57% of the nominally available Herschel routine mission science time. Herschel successfully made over 37,000 scientific observations before its helium cryogen was exhausted. The HSA is available at the Herschel Science Centre at <a href="http://herschel.esac.esa.int/Science_Archive.shtml">http://herschel.esac.esa.int/Science_Archive.shtml</a>, the Herschel help desk is at <a href="http://herschel.esac.esa.int/esupport/">http://herschel.esac.esa.int/esupport/</a>, the Herschel User Provided Data Products are available at <a href="http://herschel.esac.esa.int/UserProvidedDataProducts.shtml">http://herschel.esac.esa.int/UserProvidedDataProducts.shtml</a>, the Herschel Postcard Server is at <a href="http://archives.esac.esa.int/hsa/aio/doc/postcardGallery.html">http://archives.esac.esa.int/hsa/aio/doc/postcardGallery.html</a>, and the Herschel Observation Log is at<a href="http://herschel.esac.esa.int/logrepgen/observationlist.do">http://herschel.esac.esa.int/logrepgen/observationlist.do</a> This table was created by the HEASARC in October 2013 based on <a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/VI/139">CDS Catalog VI/139</a> file herschel.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/841/116
- Title:
- Herschel spectra of 11 very low mass stars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/841/116
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The properties of disks around brown dwarfs and very low mass stars (hereafter VLMOs) provide important boundary conditions on the process of planet formation and inform us about the numbers and masses of planets than can form in this regime. We use the Herschel Space Observatory PACS spectrometer to measure the continuum and [OI]63{mu}m line emission toward 11 VLMOs with known disks in the Taurus and Chamaeleon I star-forming regions. We fit radiative transfer models to the spectral energy distributions of these sources. Additionally, we carry out a grid of radiative transfer models run in a regime that connects the luminosity of our sources with brighter T Tauri stars. We find that VLMO disks with sizes 1.3-78au, smaller than typical T Tauri disks, fit well the spectral energy distributions assuming that disk geometry and dust properties are stellar mass independent. Reducing the disk size increases the disk temperature, and we show that VLMOs do not follow previously derived disk temperature-stellar luminosity relationships if the disk outer radius scales with stellar mass. Only 2 out of 11 sources are detected in [OI] despite a better sensitivity than was achieved for T Tauri stars, suggesting that VLMO disks are underluminous. Using thermochemical models, we show that smaller disks can lead to the unexpected [OI]63{mu}m nondetections in our sample. The disk outer radius is an important factor in determining the gas and dust observables.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/887/105
- Title:
- Herschel/SPIRE FTS [CI] lines in KINGFISH gal.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/887/105
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present resolved [CI] line intensities of 18 nearby galaxies observed with the SPIRE FTS spectrometer on the Herschel Space Observatory. We use these data along with resolved CO line intensities from J_up_=1 to 7 to interpret what phase of the interstellar medium the [CI] lines trace within typical local galaxies. A tight, linear relation is found between the intensities of the CO(4-3) and [CI](2-1) lines; we hypothesize this is due to the similar upper level temperature of these two lines. We modeled the [CI] and CO line emission using large-velocity gradient models combined with an empirical template. According to this modeling, the [CI](1-0) line is clearly dominated by the low-excitation component. We determine [CI] to molecular mass conversion factors for both the [CI](1-0) and [CI](2-1) lines, with mean values of {alpha}_[CI](1-0)_=7.3M_{sun}_/K/km.s/pc^2^ and {alpha}_[CI](2-1)_=34M_{sun}_/K/km.s/pc^2^ with logarithmic root-mean-square spreads of 0.20 and 0.32dex, respectively. The similar spread of {alpha}_[CI](1-0)_ to {alpha}_CO_ (derived using the CO(2-1) line) suggests that [CI](1-0) may be just as good a tracer of cold molecular gas as CO(2-1) in galaxies of this type. On the other hand, the wider spread of {alpha}_[CI](2-1)_ and the tight relation found between [CI](2-1) and CO(4-3) suggest that much of the [CI](2-1) emission may originate in warmer molecular gas.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/230/1
- Title:
- Herschel SPIRE/FTS 194-671um survey of GOALS LIRGs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/230/1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We describe a Herschel Space Observatory 194-671{mu}m spectroscopic survey of a sample of 121 local luminous infrared galaxies and report the fluxes of the CO J to J-1 rotational transitions for 4<=J<=13, the [NII] 205{mu}m line, the [CI] lines at 609 and 370{mu}m, as well as additional and usually fainter lines. The CO spectral line energy distributions (SLEDs) presented here are consistent with our earlier work, which was based on a smaller sample, that calls for two distinct molecular gas components in general: (i) a cold component, which emits CO lines primarily at J<~4 and likely represents the same gas phase traced by CO (1-0), and (ii) a warm component, which dominates over the mid-J regime (4<J<~10) and is intimately related to current star formation. We present evidence that the CO line emission associated with an active galactic nucleus is significant only at J>10. The flux ratios of the two [CI] lines imply modest excitation temperatures of 15-30K; the [CI] 370{mu}m line scales more linearly in flux with CO (4-3) than with CO (7-6). These findings suggest that the [CI] emission is predominantly associated with the gas component defined in (i) above. Our analysis of the stacked spectra in different far-infrared (FIR) color bins reveals an evolution of the SLED of the rotational transitions of H_2_O vapor as a function of the FIR color in a direction consistent with infrared photon pumping.
- ID:
- ivo://irsa.ipac/Herschel/Catalog/SPSC/SPSC350
- Title:
- Herschel SPIRE Point Source Catalog: 350 microns
- Short Name:
- SPSC350
- Date:
- 01 Oct 2018 20:27:20
- Publisher:
- NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
- Description:
- The Herschel-SPIRE instrument mapped about 9% of the sky in Submillimeter broad-band filters centered at 250, 350, and 500 microns (1199, 857, 600 GHz) with spatial resolutions of 17.9", 24.2", 35.4" respectively. In total, we used the 6878 standard configuration scan maps that are available, including calibration observations. The SPIRE Point Source Catalog contains the result of a systematic and homogeneous source extraction on those maps using 4 different photometry extraction methods. Only regions affected by strong Galactic emission, mostly in the Galactic Plane, were excluded, as they tested the limits of the available source extraction methods. Aimed primarily at point sources, that allow for the best photometric accuracy, the catalog contains also significant fractions of slightly extended sources up to a limit. With most SPIRE maps being confusion limited, uncertainties in flux densities were established as a function of structure noise and flux density, based on the results of artificial source insertion experiments into real data along a range of celestial backgrounds. Many sources have been rejected that do not pass the imposed SNR threshold, especially at flux densities approaching the extragalactic confusion limit. A range of additional flags provide information on the reliability of the flux information, as well as the spatial extent and orientation of a source. Users are encouraged to check the flux density estimates of all 4 methods and follow the guidelines given in the Explanatory Supplement regarding their interpretation for point- and extended sources. For tracing back catalog objects to the originally contributing detections in SPIRE observations, a cross identification table is available that provides the relevant observation identifiers used by the Herschel Science Archive. For further details on catalog construction, detailed content, and validation, please see the Explanatory Supplement.
- ID:
- ivo://irsa.ipac/Herschel/Catalog/SPSC/SPSC500
- Title:
- Herschel SPIRE Point Source Catalog: 500 microns
- Short Name:
- SPSC500
- Date:
- 01 Oct 2018 20:27:20
- Publisher:
- NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
- Description:
- The Herschel-SPIRE instrument mapped about 9% of the sky in Submillimeter broad-band filters centered at 250, 350, and 500 microns (1199, 857, 600 GHz) with spatial resolutions of 17.9", 24.2", 35.4" respectively. In total, we used the 6878 standard configuration scan maps that are available, including calibration observations. The SPIRE Point Source Catalog contains the result of a systematic and homogeneous source extraction on those maps using 4 different photometry extraction methods. Only regions affected by strong Galactic emission, mostly in the Galactic Plane, were excluded, as they tested the limits of the available source extraction methods. Aimed primarily at point sources, that allow for the best photometric accuracy, the catalog contains also significant fractions of slightly extended sources up to a limit. With most SPIRE maps being confusion limited, uncertainties in flux densities were established as a function of structure noise and flux density, based on the results of artificial source insertion experiments into real data along a range of celestial backgrounds. Many sources have been rejected that do not pass the imposed SNR threshold, especially at flux densities approaching the extragalactic confusion limit. A range of additional flags provide information on the reliability of the flux information, as well as the spatial extent and orientation of a source. Users are encouraged to check the flux density estimates of all 4 methods and follow the guidelines given in the Explanatory Supplement regarding their interpretation for point- and extended sources. For tracing back catalog objects to the originally contributing detections in SPIRE observations, a cross identification table is available that provides the relevant observation identifiers used by the Herschel Science Archive. For further details on catalog construction, detailed content, and validation, please see the Explanatory Supplement.
- ID:
- ivo://irsa.ipac/Herschel/Catalog/SPSC/SPSC250
- Title:
- Herschel SPIRE Point Source Catalog: 250 microns
- Short Name:
- SPSC250
- Date:
- 01 Oct 2018 20:27:20
- Publisher:
- NASA/IPAC Infrared Science Archive
- Description:
- The Herschel-SPIRE instrument mapped about 9% of the sky in Submillimeter broad-band filters centered at 250, 350, and 500 microns (1199, 857, 600 GHz) with spatial resolutions of 17.9", 24.2", 35.4" respectively. In total, we used the 6878 standard configuration scan maps that are available, including calibration observations. The SPIRE Point Source Catalog contains the result of a systematic and homogeneous source extraction on those maps using 4 different photometry extraction methods. Only regions affected by strong Galactic emission, mostly in the Galactic Plane, were excluded, as they tested the limits of the available source extraction methods. Aimed primarily at point sources, that allow for the best photometric accuracy, the catalog contains also significant fractions of slightly extended sources up to a limit. With most SPIRE maps being confusion limited, uncertainties in flux densities were established as a function of structure noise and flux density, based on the results of artificial source insertion experiments into real data along a range of celestial backgrounds. Many sources have been rejected that do not pass the imposed SNR threshold, especially at flux densities approaching the extragalactic confusion limit. A range of additional flags provide information on the reliability of the flux information, as well as the spatial extent and orientation of a source. Users are encouraged to check the flux density estimates of all 4 methods and follow the guidelines given in the Explanatory Supplement regarding their interpretation for point- and extended sources. For tracing back catalog objects to the originally contributing detections in SPIRE observations, a cross identification table is available that provides the relevant observation identifiers used by the Herschel Science Archive. For further details on catalog construction, detailed content, and validation, please see the Explanatory Supplement.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/409/L13
- Title:
- Herschel-SPIRE radio galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/409/L13
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first study of the far-infrared (FIR) properties of high-redshift, radio-selected ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) using deep observations obtained with the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) from the Herschel Multi-tiered Extragalactic Survey (HerMES). These galaxies span a large range of 850-um fluxes from submillimetre-luminous ~10mJy sources (SCUBA galaxies) to ~1.5mJy from stacked SCUBA non-detections, thus likely representing a complete distribution of ULIRG spectral energy distributions (SEDs). From Keck spectroscopic surveys in the Lockman-North field we identified a sample of 31 submillimetre galaxies (SMGs) and 37 submillimetre-faint, optically faint radio galaxies (OFRGs), all with radio-inferred IR luminosities >10^12^L_{sun}_. These galaxies were cross-identified with SPIRE 250-, 350- and 500-um catalogues based on fluxes extracted at 24-um positions in the SWIRE survey, yielding a sample of more than half of the galaxies well detected in at least two of the SPIRE bandpasses.