- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/142/160
- Title:
- Kepler Mission. II. Eclipsing binaries in DR2
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/142/160
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Kepler Mission (launched in 2009 March) provides nearly continuous monitoring of ~156000 objects with unprecedented photometric precision. Coincident with the first data release, we presented a catalog of 1879 eclipsing binary systems identified within the 115deg^2^ Kepler field of view (FOV). Here, we provide an updated catalog from paper I (Prsa et al. 2011, Cat. J/AJ/141/83) augmented with the second Kepler data release which increases the baseline nearly fourfold to 125 days. Three hundred and eighty-six new systems have been added, ephemerides and principal parameters have been recomputed. We have removed 42 previously cataloged systems that are now clearly recognized as short-period pulsating variables and another 58 blended systems where we have determined that the Kepler target object is not itself the eclipsing binary. A number of interesting objects are identified. We present several exemplary cases: four eclipsing binaries that exhibit extra (tertiary) eclipse events; and eight systems that show clear eclipse timing variations indicative of the presence of additional bodies bound in the system. We have updated the period and galactic latitude distribution diagrams. With these changes, the total number of identified eclipsing binary systems in the Kepler FOV has increased to 2165, 1.4% of the Kepler target stars.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/147/45
- Title:
- Kepler mission. IV. Eclipse times for close binaries
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/147/45
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a catalog of precise eclipse times and analysis of third-body signals among 1279 close binaries in the latest Kepler Eclipsing Binary Catalog. For these short-period binaries, Kepler's 30 minute exposure time causes significant smearing of light curves. In addition, common astrophysical phenomena such as chromospheric activity, as well as imperfections in the light curve detrending process, can create systematic artifacts that may produce fictitious signals in the eclipse timings. We present a method to measure precise eclipse times in the presence of distorted light curves, such as in contact and near-contact binaries which exhibit continuously changing light levels in and out of eclipse. We identify 236 systems for which we find a timing variation signal compatible with the presence of a third body. These are modeled for the light travel time effect and the basic properties of the third body are derived. This study complements J. A. Orosz et al. (in preparation), which focuses on eclipse timing variations of longer period binaries with flat out-of-eclipse regions. Together, these two papers provide comprehensive eclipse timings for all binaries in the Kepler Eclipsing Binary Catalog, as an ongoing resource freely accessible online to the community.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/151/68
- Title:
- Kepler Mission. VII. Eclipsing binaries in DR3
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/151/68
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The primary Kepler Mission provided nearly continuous monitoring of ~200000 objects with unprecedented photometric precision. We present the final catalog of eclipsing binary systems within the 105deg^2^ Kepler field of view. This release incorporates the full extent of the data from the primary mission (Q0-Q17 Data Release). As a result, new systems have been added, additional false positives have been removed, ephemerides and principal parameters have been recomputed, classifications have been revised to rely on analytical models, and eclipse timing variations have been computed for each system. We identify several classes of systems including those that exhibit tertiary eclipse events, systems that show clear evidence of additional bodies, heartbeat systems, systems with changing eclipse depths, and systems exhibiting only one eclipse event over the duration of the mission. We have updated the period and galactic latitude distribution diagrams and included a catalog completeness evaluation. The total number of identified eclipsing and ellipsoidal binary systems in the Kepler field of view has increased to 2878, 1.3% of all observed Kepler targets. An online version of this catalog with downloadable content and visualization tools is maintained at http://keplerEBs.villanova.edu/.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/151/101
- Title:
- Kepler Mission. VIII. 285 false positives
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/151/101
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Kepler mission has provided unprecedented, nearly continuous photometric data of ~200000 objects in the ~105deg^2^ field of view (FOV) from the beginning of science operations in May of 2009 until the loss of the second reaction wheel in May of 2013. The Kepler Eclipsing Binary Catalog contains information including but not limited to ephemerides, stellar parameters, and analytical approximation fits for every known eclipsing binary system in the Kepler FOV. Using target pixel level data collected from Kepler in conjunction with the Kepler Eclipsing Binary Catalog, we identify false positives among eclipsing binaries, i.e., targets that are not eclipsing binaries themselves, but are instead contaminated by eclipsing binary sources nearby on the sky and show eclipsing binary signatures in their light curves. We present methods for identifying these false positives and for extracting new light curves for the true source of the observed binary signal. For each source, we extract three separate light curves for each quarter of available data by optimizing the signal-to-noise ratio, the relative percent eclipse depth, and the flux eclipse depth. We present 289 new eclipsing binaries in the Kepler FOV that were not targets for observation, and these have been added to the catalog. An online version of this catalog with downloadable content and visualization tools is maintained at http://keplerEBs.villanova.edu/.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/774/L12
- Title:
- Kepler multiplanet systems analysis (Q1-Q8)
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/774/L12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Many Kepler multiplanet systems have planet pairs near low-order, mean-motion resonances. In addition, many Kepler multiplanet systems have planets with orbital periods less than a few days. With the exception of Kepler-42, however, there are no examples of systems with both short orbital periods and nearby companion planets while our statistical analysis predicts ~17 such pairs. For orbital periods of the inner planet that are less than three days, the minimum period ratio of adjacent planet pairs follows the rough constraint P=P_2_/P_1_>~2.3(P_1_/day)^-2/3^ (equation (1)). This absence is not due to a lack of planets with short orbital periods. We also show a statistically significant excess of small, single-candidate systems with orbital periods below three days over the number of multiple candidate systems with similar periods--perhaps a small-planet counterpart to the hot Jupiters.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/763/41
- Title:
- Kepler multiple-candidate systems radii
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/763/41
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a study of the relative sizes of planets within the multiple-candidate systems discovered with the Kepler mission (Burke+, 2014, J/ApJS/210/29). We have compared the size of each planet to the size of every other planet within a given planetary system after correcting the sample for detection and geometric biases. We find that for planet pairs for which one or both objects are approximately Neptune-sized or larger, the larger planet is most often the planet with the longer period. No such size-location correlation is seen for pairs of planets when both planets are smaller than Neptune. Specifically, if at least one planet in a planet pair has a radius of >~3R_{oplus}_, 68%+/-6% of the planet pairs have the inner planet smaller than the outer planet, while no preferred sequential ordering of the planets is observed if both planets in a pair are smaller than <~3R_{oplus}_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/813/130
- Title:
- Kepler multiple transiting planet systems
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/813/130
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Kepler mission provides a wealth of multiple transiting planet systems (MTPSs). The formation and evolution of multi-planet systems are likely to be influenced by companion stars given the abundance of multiple stellar systems. We study the influence of stellar companions by measuring the stellar multiplicity rate of MTPSs. We select 138 bright (K_P_<13.5) Kepler MTPSs and search for stellar companions with adaptive optics (AO) imaging data and archival radial velocity data. We obtain new AO images for 73 MTPSs. Other MTPSs in the sample have archival AO imaging data from the Kepler Community Follow-up Observation Program. From these imaging data, we detect 42 stellar companions around 35 host stars. For stellar separation 1 AU<a<100 AU, the stellar multiplicity rate is 5.2+/-5.0% for MTPSs, which is 2.8{sigma} lower than 21.1+/-2.8% for the control sample, i.e., the field stars in the solar neighborhood. We identify two origins for the deficit of stellar companions within 100 AU of MTPSs: (1) a suppressive planet formation and (2) the disruption of orbital coplanarity due to stellar companions. To distinguish between the two origins, we compare the stellar multiplicity rates of MTPSs and single transiting planet systems (STPSs). However, current data are not sufficient for this purpose. For 100 AU<a<2000 AU, the stellar multiplicity rates are comparable for MTPSs (8.0+/-4.0%), STPSs (6.4+/-5.8%), and the control sample (12.5+/-2.8%).
- ID:
- ivo://archive.stsci.edu/kepler_koi
- Title:
- Kepler Objects of Interest (KOI)
- Short Name:
- KOI CS
- Date:
- 12 Feb 2020 19:51:12
- Publisher:
- Space Telescope Science Institute Archive
- Description:
- Launched in 2009, the Kepler Mission is surveying a region of our galaxy to determine what fraction of stars in our galaxy have planets and measure the size distribution of those exoplanets. Although Kepler completed its primary mission to determine the fraction of stars that have planets in 2013, it is continuing the search, using a more limited survey mode, under the new name K2. KOI is the Kepler Objects of Interest catalog listing observed Kepler targets which are flagged as potentially having exoplanets but may be false positives caused by other types of transient detection. This catalog is produced by the Kepler project and brought to MAST via NExScI.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/810/95
- Title:
- Kepler pipeline S/N studies. II. 2011 data
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/810/95
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Kepler planet sample can only be used to reconstruct the underlying planet occurrence rate if the detection efficiency of the Kepler pipeline is known; here we present the results of a second experiment aimed at characterizing this detection efficiency. We inject simulated transiting planet signals into the pixel data of ~10000 targets, spanning one year of observations, and process the pixels as normal. We compare the set of detections made by the pipeline with the expectation from the set of simulated planets, and construct a sensitivity curve of signal recovery as a function of the signal-to-noise of the simulated transit signal train. The sensitivity curve does not meet the hypothetical maximum detection efficiency; however, it is not as pessimistic as some of the published estimates of the detection efficiency. For the FGK stars in our sample, the sensitivity curve is well fit by a gamma function with the coefficients a=4.35 and b=1.05. We also find that the pipeline algorithms recover the depths and periods of the injected signals with very high fidelity, especially for periods longer than 10 days. We perform a simplified occurrence rate calculation using the measured detection efficiency compared to previous assumptions of the detection efficiency found in the literature to demonstrate the systematic error introduced into the resulting occurrence rates. The discrepancies in the calculated occurrence rates may go some way toward reconciling some of the inconsistencies found in the literature.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/828/99
- Title:
- Kepler pipeline transit signal recovery. III.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/828/99
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- With each new version of the Kepler pipeline and resulting planet candidate catalog, an updated measurement of the underlying planet population can only be recovered with a corresponding measurement of the Kepler pipeline detection efficiency. Here we present measurements of the sensitivity of the pipeline (version 9.2) used to generate the Q1-Q17 DR24 planet candidate catalog. We measure this by injecting simulated transiting planets into the pixel-level data of 159013 targets across the entire Kepler focal plane, and examining the recovery rate. Unlike previous versions of the Kepler pipeline, we find a strong period dependence in the measured detection efficiency, with longer (>40 day) periods having a significantly lower detectability than shorter periods, introduced in part by an incorrectly implemented veto. Consequently, the sensitivity of the 9.2 pipeline cannot be cast as a simple one-dimensional function of the signal strength of the candidate planet signal, as was possible for previous versions of the pipeline. We report on the implications for occurrence rate calculations based on the Q1-Q17 DR24 planet candidate catalog, and offer important caveats and recommendations for performing such calculations. As before, we make available the entire table of injected planet parameters and whether they were recovered by the pipeline, enabling readers to derive the pipeline detection sensitivity in the planet and/or stellar parameter space of their choice.