- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/80/531
- Title:
- An X-ray catalog and atlas of galaxies.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/80/531
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- An X-ray catalog and atlas of galaxies observed with the Einstein Observatory imaging instruments (IPC and HRI) are presented. The catalog comprises 493 galaxies, including targets of pointed observations, and RSA or RC2 galaxies serendipitously included in Einstein fields. A total of 450 of these galaxies were imaged well within the instrumental fields, resulting in 238 detections and 2123 sigma upper limits. The other galaxies were either at the edge of the visible field of view or confused with other X-ray sources. For these a rough measure of their X-ray emission is also given. The atlas shows X-ray contour maps of detected galaxies superposed on optical photographs and gives azimuthally averaged surface brightness profiles of galaxies detected with a high signal-to-noise ratio.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/IX/15
- Title:
- Einstein EMSS Survey
- Short Name:
- IX/15
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Einstein Extended Medium Sensitivity Survey (EMSS) consists of 835 serendipitous X-ray sources detected at or above 4 times the rms level in 1435 IPC fields with their centers located away from the galactic plane. Their limiting sensitivities range from ~5*10-14 to to ~ 3*10-12 erg.cm-2.s-1 in the 0.3-3.5keV band. A total area of 778 square degrees of the high galactic latitude sky (|b|>20) has been covered. The analysis has been performed using data from the Rev 1 processing system at the CfA. The resulting EMSS catalog is a flux-limited and homogeneous sample of astronomical objects that can be used for statistical studies. Here we present the table listing all the sources taken from the publication referenced below and the optical identifications. At present over 96% of the 835 X-ray sources have been successfully identified in the following proportions: active galactic nuclei (QSO's, quasars and Seyfert), 51.1%; BL Lacertae objects, 4.3%; clusters of galaxies, 12.2%; normal galaxies, 2.1%; cooling flow galaxies, 0.6%; Galactic stars 25.8%; and unidentified, 3.9%. Most of the individual optical counterparts are previously unknown objects and so constitute large statistical samples independent of previously selection methods. The contents of the table is described below. The sky coverage computed for a specific assumed source spectrum is also given under "Additional Information" below. For further details please see the published articles: Gioia et al. 1990, Stocke et al. 1991.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/IX/22
- Title:
- Einstein extended deep survey
- Short Name:
- IX/22
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Einstein Deep Survey program (EDS) consists of very deep X-ray exposures in selected regions of the sky at high galactic latitude. The main purposes of the survey are to investigate the nature of the extragalactic X-ray background through direct source counts at very low flux levels and to study the nature of the very faint X-ray sources which comprise a significant fraction, if not all, of the soft X-ray background. The survey includes 9 IPC observations and 34 HRI observations, which, in general, cover the central 32'x32' regions of the IPC fields. In total, 178 IPC sources and 202 HRI sources were detected above thresholds set to allow ~1 false source per observation. Data from all IPC energy bands and all HRI detect cells are included. The data are largely the result of standard Einstein Rev. 1 HRI and Rev. 1B IPC reprocessing; however, minor corrections to IPC count rates, fluxes, and flux significances have been made to account for different column densities toward various fields and small systematic errors in the IPC analysis of count rates and significances for long exposures. For further details please refer to the paper referenced above. The HRI field parameters have been determined from standard processing and from other information contained in the HRI .SDF file. For information on HRI sources, see the table "hsrc.dat"; for information on individual IPC fields, see the table "ifield.dat".
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/IX/18
- Title:
- EINSTEIN extended source survey (EXSS)
- Short Name:
- IX/18
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This catalog contains sources from data collected by the IPC on board the EINSTEIN Observatory. This survey is designed to find extended sources and diffuse emission rather than point sources. In addition, the source detection algorithm is substantially improved over that used by EMSS. Sources were searched using circular apertures up to 6.1arcmin. The catalog contains 1326 extended source candidates at high galactic latitude (|b| > 20{deg}).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/511/65
- Title:
- Einstein images of galaxy clusters
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/511/65
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the X-ray characteristics of a sample of 368 clusters of galaxies with redshifts less than 0.2 observed with the Einstein Imaging Proportional Counter. For each cluster, we measure the 0.5-4.5keV counting rate and compute the 0.5-4.5keV source luminosity, as well as the bolometric luminosity within fixed metric radii. We detect 85% of Abell clusters with z<0.1, demonstrating that the large majority of these optically selected clusters are not the results of chance superpositions. For 163 clusters, we measure their X-ray surface brightness profiles and determine their core radii. For {~}230 clusters, we then use either our measured core radii and values, or mean values derived for this sample, to measure central gas densities and gas masses. We use estimated or measured cluster gas temperatures, along with the derived gas-density profiles, to estimate total cluster masses, under the assumptions that the gas is isothermal and in hydrostatic equilibrium.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/115/2587
- Title:
- Einstein IPC database ultrasoft survey
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/115/2587
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have carried out a survey of the entire Einstein IPC database (a total of 5934 sources) to select objects with strong components of ultrasoft X-ray emission (i.e., emission below 0.5keV). The selection criteria are based on ratios of counts within three broad energy bands (i.e., X-ray "colors"). A total of 516 objects have been selected, with 202 (39%) having been identified through correlations with other databases. Of the currently identified objects, 45% are active galactic nuclei, 28% are stellar objects, 6% are "normal" galaxies and galaxy clusters, and the remaining 21% are "nonstellar" Galactic objects such as cataclysmic variables, pulsars, and white dwarfs. We present a discussion of the survey selection procedure, the list of selected sources, and discussions of interesting objects from the aforementioned groups. We discuss the remarkable success of our rather "low resolution" method of estimating spectral shape and present plans for follow-up studies of the as yet unidentified sources.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/IX/25
- Title:
- Einstein Observatory IPC Parameters
- Short Name:
- IX/25
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This catalog gives information for each Einstein Observatory Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) observation used in the Einstein Observatory Source Catalog (EOSCAT). It also contains information relating to individual "HUTS" (HEAO Universal Time), time segments of data which were summed to create IPC Sequence numbers. Each HUT is designated by its initial major frame
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/325/798
- Title:
- Einstein survey of stars in the Hyades
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/325/798
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The paper reports the results of an extensive X-ray study of the Hyades region and improves on previous studies by using refined X-ray source detection algorithms and the complete set of Einstein Observatory IPC exposures covering the Hyades cluster region (a total of 63 1 x 1 deg images). Maximum likelihood integral X-ray luminosity functions were computed for the Hyades stars for given color index (B-V) ranges. The present results agree substantially with a previous survey about the ubiquity of the stellar activity in the Hyades cluster, especially among solar-type stars. The result of Stern et al. (1981ApJ...249..647S) that stellar X-ray emission is dependent on stellar age is confirmed.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/437/361
- Title:
- Einstein survey of the Orion nebula region
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/437/361
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have analyzed archival Einstein Observatory images of a roughly 4.5 square degree region centered on the Orion Nebula. In all, 245 distinct X-ray sources have been detected in six High Resolution Imager (HRI) and 17 Imaging Proportional Counter (IPC) observations. An optical database of over 2700 stars has been assembled to search for candidate counterparts to the X-ray sources. Roughly half the X-ray sources are identified with a single Orion Nebula cluster member. The 10 main-sequence O6-B5 cluster stars detected in Orion have X-ray activity levels comparable to field O and B stars. X-ray emission has also been detected in the direction of four main-sequence late-B and early-A type stars. Since the mechanisms producing X-rays in late-type coronae and early-type winds cannot operate in the late-B and early-A type atmospheres, we argue that the observed X-rays, with L_X_~3x10^30^ergs/s, are probably produced in the coronae of unseen late-type binary companions. Over 100 X-ray sources have been associated with late-type pre-main sequence stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/111/163
- Title:
- Einstein X-ray survey of galaxies. I.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/111/163
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a complete Einstein imaging proportional counter X-ray survey of optically-selected galaxies from the Shapley-Ames Catalog (Cat. <VII/112>), the Uppsala General Catalog (Cat. <VII/26>) and the European Southern Observatory Catalog (Cat. <VII/115>). Well-defined optical criteria are used to select the galaxies, and X-ray fluxes are measured at the optically-defined positions. The result is a comprehensive list of X-ray detection and upper limit measurements for 1018 galaxies. Of these, 827 have either independent distance estimates or radial velocities. Associated optical, redshift, and distance data have been assembled for these galaxies, and their distances come from a combination of directly predicted distances and those predicted from the Faber-Burstein Great Attractor/Virgocentric infall model. The accuracy of the X-ray fluxes has been checked in three different ways; all are consistent with the derived X-ray fluxes being of <=0.1 dex accuracy. In particular, there is agreement with previously published X-ray fluxes for galaxies in common with a 1991 study by Roberts et al. (1991ApJS...75..751R) and a 1992 study by Fabbiano et al. (1992ApJS...80..531F).The data presented here will be used in further studies to characterize the X-ray output of galaxies of various morphological types and thus to enable the determination of the major sources contributing to the X-ray emission from galaxies.
