- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/819/114
- Title:
- Strong lensing mass modeling of 4 HFF clusters
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/819/114
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We conduct precise strong lensing mass modeling of four Hubble Frontier Field (HFF) clusters, Abell 2744, MACS J0416.1-2403, MACS J0717.5+3745, and MACS J1149.6+2223, for which HFF imaging observations are completed. We construct a refined sample of more than 100 multiple images for each cluster by taking advantage of the full-depth HFF images, and conduct mass modeling using the glafic software, which assumes simply parametrized mass distributions. Our mass modeling also exploits a magnification constraint from the lensed SN Ia HFF14Tom for Abell 2744 and positional constraints from the multiple images S1-S4 of the lensed supernova SN Refsdal for MACS J1149.6+2223. We find that our best-fitting mass models reproduce the observed image positions with rms errors of ~0.4", which are smaller than rms errors in previous mass modeling that adopted similar numbers of multiple images. Our model predicts a new image of SN Refsdal with a relative time delay and magnification that are fully consistent with a recent detection of reappearance. We then construct catalogs of z~6-9 dropout galaxies behind the four clusters and estimate magnification factors for these dropout galaxies with our best-fitting mass models. The dropout sample from the four cluster fields contains ~120 galaxies at z>~6, about 20 of which are predicted to be magnified by a factor of more than 10. Some of the high-redshift galaxies detected in the HFF have lensing-corrected magnitudes of M_UV_~-15 to -14. Our analysis demonstrates that the HFF data indeed offer an ideal opportunity to study faint high-redshift galaxies. All lensing maps produced from our mass modeling will be made available on the Space Telescope Science Institute website (https://archive.stsci.edu/prepds/frontier/lensmodels/).
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/632/A36
- Title:
- Strong lensing models of 8 CLASH clusters
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/632/A36
- Date:
- 09 Nov 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We carry out a detailed strong lensing analysis of a sub-sample of eight galaxy clusters of the Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble (CLASH), in the redshift range of z_cluster_=[0.23-0.59], using extensive spectroscopic information, primarily from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) archival data and complemented with CLASH-VLT redshift measurements. The observed positions of the multiple images of strongly lensed background sources are used to constrain parametric models describing the cluster total mass distributions. Different models are tested in each cluster depending on the complexity of its mass distribution and on the number of detected multiple images. Four clusters show more than five spectroscopically confirmed multiple image families. In this sample, we do not make use of families that are only photometrically identified, in order to reduce model degeneracies between the values of the total mass of a cluster and of the source redshifts, and systematics due to the potential misidentifications of some multiple images. For the remaining four systems, we use additional families without any spectroscopic confirmation to increase the number of strong lensing constraints up to the number of free parameters in our parametric models. We present spectroscopic confirmation of 27 multiply lensed sources, with no previous spectroscopic measurements, spanning over the redshift range of z_src_=[0.7-6.1]. Moreover, we confirm an average of 48 galaxy members in the core of each cluster, thanks to the high efficiency and large field of view of MUSE. We use this information to derive precise strong lensing models, projected total mass distributions and magnification maps. We show that, despite having different properties (i.e., number of mass components, total mass, redshift, etc), the projected total mass and mass density profiles of all clusters have very similar shapes, when rescaled by independent measurements of M200c and R200c. Specifically, we measure the mean value of the projected total mass of our cluster sample within 10 (20)% of R200c to be 0.13 (0.32) of M200c, with a remarkably small scatter of 5 (6)%. Furthermore, the large number of high-z sources and the precise magnification maps derived in this work for four clusters add up to the sample of high-quality gravitational telescopes to be used to study the faint and distant Universe.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/610/A53
- Title:
- Strong lensing star-forming galaxies with ALMA
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/610/A53
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- According to coevolutionary scenarios, nuclear activity and star formation play relevant roles in the early stages of galaxy formation. We aim at identifying them in high-redshift galaxies by exploiting high-resolution and high-sensitivity X-ray and millimeter-wavelength data to confirm the presence or absence of star formation and nuclear activity and describe their relative roles in shaping the spectral energy distributions and in contributing to the energy budgets of the galaxies. We present the data, model, and analysis in the X-ray and millimeter (mm) bands for two strongly lensed galaxies, SDP.9 (HATLAS J090740.0-004200) and SDP.11 (HATLAS J091043.1-000322), which we selected in the Herschel-ATLAS catalogs for their excess emission in the mid-IR regime at redshift >=1.5. This emission suggests nuclear activity in the early stages of galaxy formation. We observed both of them with Chandra ACIS-S in the X-ray regime and analyzed the high-resolution mm data that are available in the ALMA Science Archive for SDP.9. By combining the information available in mm, optical, and X-ray bands, we reconstructed the source morphology. Both targets were detected in the X-ray, which strongly indicates highly obscured nuclear activity. ALMA observations for SDP.9 for the continuum and CO(6-5) spectral line with high resolution (0.02-arcsec corresponding to ~65pc at the distance of the galaxy) allowed us to estimate the lensed galaxy redshift to a better accuracy than pre-ALMA estimates (1.5753+/-0.0003) and to model the emission of the optical, millimetric, and X-ray band for this galaxy. We demonstrate that the X-ray emission is generated in the nuclear environment, which strongly supports that this object has nuclear activity. On the basis of the X-ray data, we attempt an estimate of the black hole properties in these galaxies. By taking advantage of the lensing magnification, we identify weak nuclear activity associated with high-z galaxies with high star formation rates. This is useful to extend the investigation of the relationship between star formation and nuclear activity to two intrinsically less luminous high-z star-forming galaxies than was possible so far. Given our results for only two objects, they alone cannot constrain the evolutionary models, but provide us with interesting hints and set an observational path toward addressing the role of star formation and nuclear activity in forming galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/806/185
- Title:
- Strong-lensing systems from 4 surveys
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/806/185
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In this paper, we assemble a catalog of 118 strong gravitational lensing systems from the Sloan Lens ACS Survey (SLACS), BOSS emission-line lens survey (BELLS), Lens Structure and Dynamics (LSD), and Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S) and use them to constrain the cosmic equation of state. In particular, we consider two cases of dark energy phenomenology: the XCDM model, where dark energy is modeled by a fluid with constant w equation-of-state parameter, and in the Chevalier-Polarski-Linder (CPL) parameterization, where w is allowed to evolve with redshift, w(z)=w_0_+w_1_(z/1+z). We assume spherically symmetric mass distribution in lensing galaxies, but we relax the rigid assumption of the SIS model in favor of a more general power-law index {gamma}, also allowing it to evolve with redshifts {gamma}(z). Our results for the XCDM cosmology show agreement with values (concerning both w and {gamma} parameters) obtained by other authors. We go further and constrain the CPL parameters jointly with {gamma}(z). The resulting confidence regions for the parameters are much better than those obtained with a similar method in the past. They are also showing a trend of being complementary to the Type Ia supernova data. Our analysis demonstrates that strong gravitational lensing systems can be used to probe cosmological parameters like the cosmic equation of state for dark energy. Moreover, they have a potential to judge whether the cosmic equation of state evolved with time or not.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/247/12
- Title:
- Strong lens models for 37 clusters from SGAS
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/247/12
- Date:
- 08 Mar 2022 13:45:09
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present strong gravitational lensing models for 37 galaxy clusters from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Giant Arcs Survey (SGAS). We combine data from multi-band Hubble Space Telescope Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) imaging, with ground-based imaging and spectroscopy from Magellan, Gemini, Apache Point Observatory, and the Multiple Mirror Telescope, in order to detect and spectroscopically confirm new multiply imaged lensed background sources behind the clusters. We report spectroscopic or photometric redshifts of sources in these fields, including cluster galaxies and background sources. Based on all available lensing evidence, we construct and present strong-lensing mass models for these galaxy clusters. The clusters span a redshift range of 0.176<z<0.66 with a median redshift of z=0.45, and sample a wide range of dynamical masses, 1.5<M_200_<35x10^14^M_{sun}_, as estimated from their velocity dispersions. As these clusters were selected as lenses primarily owing to a fortuitous alignment with background galaxies that results in giant arcs, they exhibit a wide range in Einstein radii, 1.3"<{theta}_E_<23.1" for a source at z=2, with a median {theta}_E_=10.8".
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/448/2766
- Title:
- Strong lines in the optical/NIR for SN 2002bo
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/448/2766
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present 1D non-local thermodynamic equilibrium time-dependent radiative transfer simulations of a Chandrasekhar-mass delayed-detonation model which synthesizes 0.51 M_{sun}_ of ^56^Ni, and confront our results to the Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2002bo over the first 100d of its evolution. Assuming only homologous expansion, this same model reproduces the bolometric and multiband light curves, the secondary near-infrared (NIR) maxima, and the optical and NIR spectra. The chemical stratification of our model qualitatively agrees with previous inferences by Stehle et al. (2005MNRAS.360.1231S), but reveals significant quantitative differences for both iron-group and intermediate-mass elements. We show that +/-0.1 M_{sun}_ (i.e. +/-20 per cent) variations in ^56^Ni mass have a modest impact on the bolometric and colour evolution of our model. One notable exception is the U band, where a larger abundance of iron-group elements results in less opaque ejecta through ionization effects, our model with more ^56^Ni displaying a higher near-ultraviolet flux level. In the NIR range, such variations in ^56^Ni mass affect the timing of the secondary maxima but not their magnitude, in agreement with observational results. Moreover, the variation in the I, J, and K_s_ magnitudes is less than 0.1 mag within ~ 10d from bolometric maximum, confirming the potential of NIR photometry of SNe Ia for cosmology. Overall, the delayed-detonation mechanism in single Chandrasekhar-mass white dwarf progenitors seems well suited for SN 2002bo and similar SNe Ia displaying a broad SiII 6355{AA} line. Whatever multidimensional processes are at play during the explosion leading to these events, they must conspire to produce an ejecta comparable to our spherically symmetric model.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/631/A91
- Title:
- 2 strongly lensed galaxies MUSE & ALMA datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/631/A91
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We compare the molecular and ionized gas kinematics of two strongly lensed galaxies at z~1 that lie on the main sequence at this redshift, based on observations from ALMA and MUSE, respectively. We derive the CO and [OII] rotation curves and dispersion profiles of these two galaxies. We find a difference between the observed molecular and ionized gas rotation curves for one of the two galaxies, the Cosmic Snake, for which we obtain a spatial resolution of few hundred parsecs along the major axis. The rotation curve of the molecular gas is steeper than the rotation curve of the ionized gas. In the second galaxy, A521, the molecular and ionized gas rotation curves are consistent, but the spatial resolution is only of few kpc on the major axis. Using simulations, we investigate the effect of the thickness of the gas disk and effective radius on the observed rotation curves and find that a more extended and thicker disk smooths the curve. We also find that the presence of a strongly inclined (>70{deg}) thick disk (>1kpc) can smooth the rotation curve because it degrades the spatial resolution along the line of sight. By building a model using a stellar disk and two gas disks, we reproduce the rotation curves of the Cosmic Snake with a molecular gas disk that is more massive and more radially and vertically concentrated than the ionized gas disk. Finally, we also obtain an intrinsic velocity dispersion in the Cosmic Snake of 18.5+/-7km/s and 19.5+/-6km/s for the molecular and ionized gas, respectively, which is consistent with a molecular disk with a smaller and thinner disk. For A521, the intrinsic velocity dispersion values are 11+/-8km/s and 54+/-11km/s, with a higher value for the ionized gas. This could indicate that the ionized gas disk is thicker and more turbulent in this galaxy. These results highlight the diversity of the kinematics of galaxies at z~1 and the different spatial distribution of the molecular and ionized gas disks. It suggests the presence of thick ionized gas disks at this epoch and that the formation of the molecular gas is limited to the midplane and center of the galaxy in some objects.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/477/L70
- Title:
- Strongly lensed quasars in SDSS
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/477/L70
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the discovery of three quasar lenses in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, selected using two novel photometry-based selection techniques. The J0941+0518 system, with two point sources separated by 5.46 arcsec on either side of a galaxy, has source and lens redshifts 1.54 and 0.343. Images of J2257+2349 show two point sources separated by 1.67 arcsec on either side of an E/S0 galaxy. The extracted spectra show two images of the same quasar at z_s_=2.10. SDSS J1640+1045 has two quasar spectra at z_s_=1.70 and fits to the SDSS and Pan-STARRS images confirm the presence of a galaxy between the two point sources. We observed 56 photometrically selected lens candidates in this follow-up campaign, confirming three new lenses, re-discovering one known lens, and ruling out 36 candidates, with 16 still inconclusive. This initial campaign demonstrates the power of purely photometric selection techniques in finding lensed quasars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/608/A144
- Title:
- Strongly lensed submm galaxies CO spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/608/A144
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the IRAM-30m observations of multiple-J CO (J_up_ mostly from 3 up to 8) and [CI](^3^P_2_ -> ^3^P_1_) ([CI](2-1) hereafter) line emission in a sample of redshift ~2-4 submillimeter galaxies (SMGs). These SMGs are selected among the brightest lensed galaxies discovered in the Herschel-Astrophysical Terahertz Large Area Survey (H-ATLAS). 47 CO lines and 7 [CI](2-1) lines have been detected in 15 lensed SMGs. A non-negligible effect of differential lensing is found for the CO emission lines, which could have caused significant underestimations of the linewidths, hence of the dynamical masses. The CO spectral line energy distributions (SLEDs), peaking around J_up_~5-7, are found to be similar to those of the local starburst-dominated ultra-luminous infrared galaxies and of the previously studied SMGs. After correcting for lensing amplification, we derived the global properties of the bulk of molecular gas in the SMGs using non-LTE radiative transfer modelling, such as the molecular gas density n_H2_~10^2.5^-10^4.1^cm^-3^ and the kinetic temperature T_k_~20-750K. The gas thermal pressure P_{th} ranging from ~10^5^K/cm^3^ to 10^6^K/cm^3^ is found to be correlated with star formation efficiency. Further decomposing the CO SLEDs into two excitation components, we find a low-excitation component with n_H2_~10^2.8^-10^4.6^cm^-3^ and T_k_~20-30K, which is less correlated with star formation, and a high-excitation one (n_H2_~10^2.7^-10^4.2^cm^-3^, T_k_~60-400K) which is tightly related to the on-going star-forming activity. Additionally, tight linear correlations between the far-infrared and CO line luminosities have been confirmed for the J_up_>=5 CO lines of these SMGs, implying that these CO lines are good tracers of star formation. The [CI](2-1) lines follow the tight linear correlation between the luminosities of the [CI](2-1) and the CO(1-0) line found in local starbursts, indicating that [CI] lines could serve as good total molecular gas mass tracers for high-redshift SMGs as well. The total mass of the molecular gas reservoir, (1-30)x10^10^M_{sun}_, derived based on the CO(3-2) fluxes and {alpha}_CO(1-0)_=0.8M_{sun}_/(K.km/s/pc^2), suggests a typical molecular gas depletion time t_dep_~20-100Myr and a gas to dust mass ratio {delta}_GDR_~30-100 with ~20%-60% uncertainty for the SMGs. The ratio between CO line luminosity and the dust mass L'_CO(1-0)_/M_{dust} appears to be slowly increasing with redshift for high-redshift SMGs, which CO need to be further confirmed by a more complete SMG sample at various redshifts. Finally, through comparing the linewidth of CO and H_2_O lines, we find that they agree well in almost all our SMGs, confirming that the emitting regions of the CO and H_2_O lines are co-spatially located.
18190. Strong MgII absorber blazars
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/473/5154
- Title:
- Strong MgII absorber blazars
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/473/5154
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- It is widely believed that the cool gas clouds traced by MgII absorption, within a velocity offset of 5000km/s relative to the background quasar are mostly associated with the quasar itself, whereas the absorbers seen at larger velocity offsets towards us are intervening absorber systems and hence their existence is completely independent of the background quasar. Recent evidence by Bergeron et al. (2011A&A...525A..61P, hereinafter BBM) has seriously questioned this paradigm, by showing that the number density of intervening MgII absorbers towards the 45 blazars in their sample is nearly two times the expectation based on the MgII absorption systems seen towards normal quasars (QSOs). Given its serious implications, it becomes important to revisit this finding, by enlarging the blazar sample and subjecting it to an independent analysis. Here, we first report the outcome of our re-analysis of the available spectroscopic data for the BBM sample itself. Our analysis of the BBM sample reproduces their claimed factor of 2 excess of dN/dz along blazar sightlines, vis-a-vis normal QSOs. We have also assembled an approximately three times larger sample of blazars, albeit with moderately sensitive optical spectra. Using this sample together with the BBM sample, our analysis shows that the dN/dz of the MgII absorbers statistically matches that known for normal QSO sightlines. Further, the analysis indicates that associated absorbers might be contributing significantly to the estimated dN/dz up to offset speeds {DELTA}v~0.2c relative to the blazar.