- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/627/A82
- Title:
- Venus photometric flux and los velocities
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/627/A82
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Measuring Venus' atmospheric circulation at different altitudes is important for understanding its complex dynamics, in particular the mechanisms driving the super-rotation. Observationally, Doppler imaging spectroscopy is in principle be the most reliable way to measure wind speeds of planetary atmospheres because it directly provides the projected speed of atmospheric particles. However, high-resolution imaging-spectroscopy is challenging, especially in the visible domain, and most of the knowledge about atmospheric dynamics has been obtained with cloud-tracking technique. The objective of the present work is to measure the global properties of Venus' atmospheric dynamics at the altitude of the uppermost clouds, which is probed by reflected solar lines in the visible domain. Our results are based on high-resolution spectroscopic observations with the long slit spectrometer of the solar telescope THEMIS. We present the first instantaneous "radial-velocity snapshot" of any planet of the solar system in the visible domain, i.e., a complete RV map of the planet obtained by stacking data on less than 10% of its rotation period. From this, we measure the properties of the zonal and meridional winds, which we unambiguously detect. We identify a wind circulation pattern that significantly differs from previous knowledge about Venus. The zonal wind displays a "hot spot" structure, featuring about 200m/s at sunrise and 70m/s at noon in the equatorial region. Regarding meridional winds, we detect an equator-to-pole meridional flow peaking at 45m/s at mid latitudes, i.e., which is about twice as large as what was reported so far.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/133/2487
- Title:
- VERA 22GHz Fringe Search Survey
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/133/2487
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This paper presents results of a survey search for bright compact radio sources at 22GHz with the VERA radio interferometer. Each source from a list of 2494 objects was observed in one scan for 2 minutes. The purpose of this survey was to find compact extragalactic sources bright enough at 22GHz to be useful as phase calibrators. Observed sources were either (1) within 6{deg} of the Galactic plane, or (2) within 11{deg} of the Galactic center, or (3) within 2{deg} of known water masers. Among the observed sources, 549 were detected, including 180 extragalactic objects that were not previously observed with the very long baseline interferometry technique. Estimates of the correlated flux densities of the detected sources are presented. It was found that the probability of detecting a 200mJy source with 120s of integration time is 60%.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/469/4400
- Title:
- Veritas family members Yarkovsky drift rates
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/469/4400
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The age of a young asteroid family can be determined by tracking the orbits of family members backward in time and showing that they converge at some time in the past. Here we consider the Veritas family. We find that the membership of the Veritas family increased enormously since the last detailed analysis of the family. Using backward integration, we confirm the convergence of nodal longitudes {Omega}, and, for the first time, also obtain a simultaneous convergence of pericenter longitudes {varpi}. The Veritas family is found to be 8.23^+0.37^_-0.31_Myr old. To obtain a tight convergence of {Omega} and {varpi}, as expected from low ejection speeds of fragments, the Yarkovsky effect needs to be included in the modeling of the past orbital histories of Veritas family members. Using this method, we compute the Yarkovsky semi-major axis drift rates, d_a_/dt, for 274 member asteroids. The distribution of d_a_/dt values is consistent with a population of C-type objects with low densities and low thermal conductivities. The accuracy of individual d_a_/dt measurements is limited by the effect of close encounters of member asteroids to (1) Ceres and other massive asteroids, which cannot be evaluated with confidence.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/833/117
- Title:
- VERITAS gamma-ray TeV LCs of 6 blazars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/833/117
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a targeted search for blazar flux-correlated high-energy ({epsilon}_{nu}_>~1TeV) neutrinos from six bright northern blazars, using the public database of northern hemisphere neutrinos detected during "IC40" 40-string operations of the IceCube neutrino observatory (2008 April to 2009 May). Our six targeted blazars are subjects of long-term monitoring campaigns by the VERITAS TeV {gamma}-ray observatory. We use the publicly available VERITAS light curves to identify periods of excess and flaring emission. These predefined intervals serve as our "active temporal windows" in a search for an excess of neutrinos, relative to Poisson fluctuations of the near-isotropic atmospheric neutrino background, which dominates at these energies. After defining the parameters of an optimized search, we confirm the expected Poisson behavior with Monte Carlo simulations prior to testing for excess neutrinos in the actual data. We make two searches: one for excess neutrinos associated with the bright flares of Mrk 421 that occurred during the IC40 run, and one for excess neutrinos associated with the brightest emission periods of five other blazars (Mrk 501, 1ES 0806+524, 1ES 1218+304, 3C 66A, and W Comae), all significantly fainter than the Mrk 421 flares. We find no significant excess of neutrinos from the preselected blazar directions during the selected temporal windows. We derive 90% confidence upper limits on the number of expected flux-associated neutrinos from each search. These limits are consistent with previous point-source searches and Fermi GeV flux-correlated searches. Our upper limits are sufficiently close to the physically interesting regime that we anticipate that future analyses using already-collected data will either constrain models or yield discovery of the first blazar-associated high-energy neutrinos.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/398/141
- Title:
- Vertical distribution of galactic disk stars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/398/141
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Nearly 400 Tycho-2 (Cat. <I/259>) stars have been observed in a 720 square degree field in the direction of the North Galactic Pole with the high resolution echelle spectrograph ELODIE. Absolute magnitudes, effective temperatures, gravities and metallicities have been estimated, as well as distances and 3D velocities. Most of these stars are clump giants and span typical distances from 200pc to 800pc to the galactic mid-plane. This new sample, free of any kinematical and metallicity bias, is used to investigate the vertical distribution of disk stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/878/21
- Title:
- Vertical motions of APOGEE & Gaia red clump stars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/878/21
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- It has long been known that the vertical motions of Galactic disk stars increase with stellar age, commonly interpreted as vertical heating through orbit scattering. Here we map the vertical actions of disk stars as a function of age ({tau}<=8Gyr) and across a large range of Galactocentric radii, R_GC_, drawing on APOGEE and Gaia data. We fit J_z_(R_GC,{tau}_) as a combination of the vertical action at birth, J_z,0_, and the subsequent heating {Delta}J_z,1Gyr_(R_GC_), which scales as {tau}^{gamma}(R_GC_)^. The inferred birth temperature, J_z,0_(R_GC_) is 1kpc.km/s for 3kpc<R_GC_<10kpc, consistent with the ISM velocity dispersion, but it rapidly rises outward, to 8kpc.km/s for R_GC_=14kpc, likely reflecting the stars' birth in a warped or flared gas disk. We find the heating rate {Delta}J_z,1Gyr_ to be modest and nearly constant across all radii, 1.6kpc.km/s/Gyr. The stellar age dependence {gamma} gently grows with Galactocentric radius, from {gamma}~1 for R_GC_<~R_{sun}_ to {gamma}~1.3 at R_GC_=14kpc. The observed J_z_-{tau} relation at all radii is considerably steeper ({gamma}>~1) than the time dependence theoretically expected from orbit scattering, J_z_{propto}t^0.5^. We illustrate how this conundrum can be resolved if we also account for the fact that at earlier epochs, the scatterers were more common, and the restoring force from the stellar disk surface mass density was low. Our analysis may reinstate gradual orbital scattering as a plausible and viable mechanism to explain the age-dependent vertical motions of disk stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/853/114
- Title:
- Vertical population gradients in NGC 891. I.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/853/114
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have measured vertical and radial stellar population gradients in NGC 891. We compare these gradients to those known for the Milky Way from studies of resolved stars. Optical spectroscopic measurements extend spatially from the disk midplane up to 2.6kpc in height and out to a radius of 12kpc on both sides of the galaxy. Data were acquired with {nabla}Pak, a variable-pitch fiber integral field unit (IFU) on the WIYN telescope. We describe the laboratory and on-sky performance of {nabla}Pak, as well as modifications to the standard observational and analysis procedures necessary to calibrate data taken with this unique IFU. {nabla}Pak has a mean throughput of 80% at 5500{AA}. To achieve an estimated precision of 10% in light-weighted mean age and metallicity, we define a set of spatial apertures in radius and height in which spectra are binned to achieve a signal-to-noise ratio of ~20{AA}^-1^. We use spectral indices to measure age, metallicity, and abundance, indicating that NGC 891's stellar populations have 0.2<Z/Z_{sun}_<1 and +0.2dex {alpha}-enhancement on average. We find a clear transition from young (<3-5Gyr) to old (>7Gyr) stellar populations at 0.4kpc, roughly the scale height of the thin disk. We also find a slight trend toward younger populations at larger radii, consistent with flaring in an inside-out disk formation scenario. The vertical age gradient in NGC 891 is in remarkable qualitative agreement with a model for disk heating tuned to studies of the Milk Way's solar cylinder.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/389/795
- Title:
- Vertical structure of edge-on galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/389/795
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- To analyze the vertical structure of edge-on galaxies, we have used images of a large uniform sample of flat galaxies that have been taken during the 2MASS all-sky survey. The photometric parameters, such as the radial scale length, the vertical scale height, and the deprojected central surface brightness of galactic disks have been obtained. We find a strong correlation between the central surface brightness and the ratio of the vertical scale height to the vertical scale length: the thinner the galaxy, the lower the central surface brightness of its disk. The vertical scale height does not increase systematically with the distance from the galaxy center in the frames of this sample.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/267/515
- Title:
- Very cold C-rich circumstellar envelopes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/267/515
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The paper develops a method for identification of very cold C-rich circumstellar envelopes (CSEs) in IR regions colder than region VII (i.e., larger value of IRAS flux ratio S25/S12), by reviewing the different criteria and by identifying C-rich CSEs in a sample of 228 bright IRAS sources. By using the results of OH surveys and catalogs together with the results of additional HCN/CO millimeter observations performed on critical classes of objects, a C/O classification is proposed for 94 percent of the sources with a good probability. It is shown that the low-resolution spectra by themselves are a reasonable and easy way to identify C-rich late AGB CSEs. For post-AGB object with cold CSEs, HCN and OH observations or visible/near IR spectroscopy are necessary.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/225/26
- Title:
- Very Low-Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs) from 1.25-850um
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/225/26
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a search for Very Low-Luminosity Objects (VeLLOs) in the Gould Belt (GB) clouds using infrared and sub-millimeter (sub-mm) data from 1.25 to 850{mu}m and our N_2_H^+^(J=1-0) observations. We modified the criteria by Dunham et al. (2008, J/ApJS/179/249) to select the VeLLOs in the GB clouds, finding 95 VeLLO candidates, 79 of which are newly identified in this study. Out of 95 sources, 44 were detected in both sub-mm continuum and N_2_H^+^ emission and were classified as Group A (the VeLLOs), and 51 sources detected in either sub-mm emission or N_2_H^+^ emission were classified with Group B as candidate VeLLOs. We find that these VeLLOs and the candidates are forming in environments different from those of the likely VeLLOs. Seventy-eight sources are embedded within their molecular clouds, and thus are likely VeLLOs forming in a dense environment. The remaining 17 sources are located in low-level extinction regions (A_V_<1) connected to the clouds, and can be either background sources or candidate substellar objects forming in an isolated mode. The VeLLOs and the candidates are likely more luminous and their envelopes tend to be more massive in denser environments. The VeLLOs and the candidates are more populous in the clouds where more YSOs form, indicating that they form in a manner similar to that of normal YSOs. The bolometric luminosities and temperatures of the VeLLOs are compared to predictions of episodic accretion models, showing that the low luminosities for most VeLLOs can be well explained by their status in the quiescent phases of a cycle of episodic mass accretion.