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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/382/184
- Title:
- Crystalline silicates around evolved stars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/382/184
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This is the first paper in a series of three where we present the first comprehensive inventory of solid state emission bands observed in a sample of 17 oxygen-rich circumstellar dust shells surrounding evolved stars. The data were taken with the Short and Long Wavelength Spectrographs on board of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) and cover the 2.4 to 195{mu}m wavelength range. The spectra show the presence of broad 10 and 18{mu}m bands that can be attributed to amorphous silicates. In addition, at least 49 narrow bands are found whose position and width indicate they can be attributed to crystalline silicates. Almost all of these bands were not known before ISO.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/640/A77
- Title:
- Crystallization of a neutron star inner crust
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/640/A77
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The possible presence of amorphous and heterogeneous phases in the inner crust of a neutron star is expected to reduce the electrical conductivity of the crust, with potentially important consequences on the magneto-thermal evolution of the star. In cooling simulations, the disorder is quantified by an impurity parameter which is often taken as a free parameter. We aim to give a quantitative prediction of the impurity parameter as a function of the density in the crust, performing microscopic calculations including up-to-date microphysics of the crust. A multi-component approach is developed at finite temperature using a compressible liquid drop description of the ions with an improved energy functional based on recent microscopic nuclear models and optimized on extended Thomas-Fermi calculations. Thermodynamic consistency is ensured by adding a rearrangement term and deviations from the linear mixing rule are included in the liquid phase. The impurity parameter is consistently calculated at the crystallization temperature as determined in the one-component plasma approximation for the different functionals. Our calculations show that at the crystallization temperature the composition of the inner crust is dominated by nuclei with charge number around Z~40, while the range of the Z distribution varies from about 20 near the neutron drip to about 40 closer to the crust-core transition. This reflects on the behavior of the impurity parameter that monotonically increases with density up to around 40 in the deeper regions of the inner crust. Our study shows that the contribution of impurities is non-negligible, thus potentially having an impact on the transport properties in the neutron-star crust. The obtained values of the impurity parameter represent a lower limit; larger values are expected in the presence of non-spherical geometries and/or fast cooling dynamics.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/633/A149
- Title:
- Crystallization of neutron star outer crust
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/633/A149
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The interior of a neutron star is usually assumed to be made of cold catalyzed matter. However, the outer layers are unlikely to remain in full thermodynamic equilibrium during the formation of the star and its subsequent cooling, especially after crystallization occurs. We study the cooling and the equilibrium composition of the outer layers of a non-accreting neutron star down to crystallization. Here the impurity parameter, generally taken as a free parameter in cooling simulations, is calculated self-consistently using a microscopic nuclear model for which a unified equation of state has recently been determined. We follow the evolution of the nuclear distributions of the multi-component Coulomb liquid plasma fully self-consistently, adapting a general formalism originally developed for the description of supernova cores. We calculate the impurity parameter at the crystallization temperature as determined in the one-component plasma approximation. Our analysis shows that the sharp changes in composition obtained in the one-component plasma approximation are smoothed out when a full nuclear distribution is allowed. The Coulomb coupling parameter at melting is found to be reasonably close to the canonical value of 175, except for specific values of the pressure for which supercooling occurs in the one-component plasma approximation. Our multi-component treatment leads to non-monotonic variations of the impurity parameter with pressure. Its values can change by several orders of magnitude reaching about 50, suggesting that the crust may be composed of an alternation of pure (highly conductive) and impure (highly resistive) layers. The results presented here complement the recent unified equation of state obtained within the same nuclear model. Our self-consistent approach to hot dense multi-component plasma shows that the presence of impurities in the outer crust of a neutron star is non- negligible and may have a sizeable impact on transport properties. In turn, this may have important implications not only for the cooling of neutron stars, but also for their magneto-rotational evolution.
4065. CS 29497-004 abundances
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/607/A91
- Title:
- CS 29497-004 abundances
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/607/A91
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report an abundance analysis for the highly r-process-enhanced (r-II) star CS 29497-004, a very metal-poor giant with solar system Teff=5013K and [Fe/H]=-2.85, whose nature was initially discovered in the course of the HERES project. Our analysis is based on high signal-to-noise ratio, high-resolution (R~75000) VLT/UVES spectra and MARCS model atmospheres under the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium, and obtains abundance measurements for a total of 46 elements, 31 of which are neutron-capture elements. As is the case for the other ~25 r-II stars currently known, the heavy-element abundance pattern of CS 29497-004 well-matches a scaled solar system second peak r-process-element abundance pattern. We confirm our previous detection of Th, and demonstrate that this star does not exhibit an "actinide boost". Uranium is also detected (log{epsilon}(U)=-2.20+/-0.30), albeit with a large measurement error that hampers its use as a precision cosmochronometer. Combining the various elemental chronometer pairs that are available for this star, we derive a mean age of 12.2+/-3.7Gyr using the theoretical production ratios from published waiting-point approximation models. We further explore the high-entropy wind model (Farouqi et al., 2010ApJ...712.1359F) production ratios arising from different neutron richness of the ejecta (Ye), and derive an age of 13.7+/-4.4Gyr for a best-fitting Ye=0.447. The U/Th nuclei-chronometer is confirmed to be the most resilient to theoretical production ratios and yields an age of 16.5+/-6.6Gyr. Lead (Pb) is also tentatively detected in CS 29497-004, at a level compatible with a scaled solar r-process, or with the theoretical expectations for a pure r-process in this star.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/373/1531
- Title:
- 6C** sample of steep-spectrum radio sources
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/373/1531
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present basic observational data on the 6C** sample. This is a new sample of radio sources drawn from the 151-MHz 6C survey, which was filtered with radio criteria chosen to optimize the chances of finding radio galaxies at z>4. The filtering criteria are a steep-spectral index and a small angular size. The final sample consists of 68 sources from a region of sky covering 0.421sr. We present Very Large Array radio maps, and the results of K-band imaging and optical spectroscopy.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/375/1349
- Title:
- 6C** sample of steep-spectrum radio sources. II
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/375/1349
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We use the 6C** sample to investigate the comoving space density of powerful, steep-spectrum radio sources. This sample, consisting of 68 objects, has virtually complete K-band photometry and spectroscopic redshifts for 32 per cent of the sources. In order to find its complete redshift distribution, we develop a method of redshift estimation based on the Kz diagram of the 3CRR, 6CE, 6C* and 7CRS radio galaxies. Based on this method, we derive redshift probability density functions for all the optically identified sources in the 6C** sample. Using a combination of spectroscopic and estimated redshifts, we select the most radio luminous sources in the sample. Their redshift distribution is then compared with the predictions of the radio luminosity function of Jarvis et al. (2001MNRAS.327..907J). We find that, within the uncertainties associated with the estimation method, the data are consistent with a constant comoving space density of steep-spectrum radio sources beyond z>2.5, and rule out a steep decline.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/463/205
- Title:
- CS and NH3 Survey of H2O Maser Emission
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/463/205
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- CS J=1-0 and NH(J,K)=(1,1) observations toward a large sample of H2O maser regions are reported. A total of 172 sources were observed. 107 were observed in CS and 164 in NH_3_. The main purpose of this work was to study the relationship between the parameters that characterize the high velocity H2O maser emission, which originates in very small (about 10 AU) and very dense (10^7-10^9/cm^3^) regions, and those that characterize the molecular emission coming from quiescent, more extended (0.1-1.0 pc) high density (10^4-10^5/cm^3^) regions, traced by the CS and NH_3_ emissions. The observations were carried out between 1986 and 1990 with the 37 m radio telescope at Haystack Observatory The emission of the (J,K)=(1,1) inversion transition of the NH_3_ molecule at 23.694496 GHz, and the emission of the J=1->0 rotational transition of the CS molecule at 48.990968 GHz were observed.
4069. CS Cha B spectrum
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/640/L12
- Title:
- CS Cha B spectrum
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/640/L12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Direct imaging provides a steady flow of newly discovered giant planets and brown dwarf companions. These multi-object systems can provide information about the formation of low-mass companions in wide orbits and/or speculate about possible migration scenarios. The accurate classification of the companions is crucial for testing formation pathways. In this work we characterize further the recently discovered candidate for a planetary-mass companion CS Cha b and determine if it is still accreting. MUSE is a 4-laser-adaptive-optics-assisted medium-resolution integral-field spectrograph in the optical part of the spectrum. We observed the CS Cha system to obtain the first spectrum of CS Cha b. The companion is characterized by modelling both the spectrum from 6300{AA}, to 9300{AA}, and the photometry using archival data from the visible to the near-infrared. We find evidence of accretion and outflow signatures in H{alpha} and OI emission. The atmospheric models with the highest likelihood indicate an effective temperature of 3450+/-50K with a logg of 3.6+/-0.5dex. Based on evolutionary models, we find that the majority of the object is obscured. We determine the mass of the faint companion with several methods to be between 0.07 Msun and 0.71M_{sun}_ with an accretion rate of dM/dt=4x10^-11^+/-0.4x10^-11^M_{sun}_/yr. Our results show that CS Cha B is most likely a mid M-type star that is obscured by a highly inclined disk, which has led to its previous classification by broadband NIR photometry as a planetary-mass companion. This shows that it is important and necessary to observe over a broad spectral range to constrain the nature of faint companions.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/776/L20
- Title:
- C/2012 S1 (comet ISON) R photometry
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/776/L20
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report photometric observations for comet C/2012 S1 (ISON) obtained during the time period immediately after discovery (r=6.28AU) until it moved into solar conjunction in mid-2013 June using the UH2.2m, and Gemini North 8m telescopes on Mauna Kea, the Lowell 1.8m in Flagstaff, the Calar Alto 1.2m telescope in Spain, the VYSOS-5 telescopes on Mauna Loa Hawaii and data from the CARA network. Additional pre-discovery data from the Pan STARRS1 survey extends the light curve back to 2011 September 30 (r=9.4AU). The images showed a similar tail morphology due to small micron sized particles throughout 2013. Observations at submillimeter wavelengths using the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope on 15 nights between 2013 March 9 (r=4.52AU) and June 16 (r=3.35AU) were used to search for CO and HCN rotation lines. No gas was detected, with upper limits for CO ranging between 3.5-4.5x10^27^molecules/s. Combined with published water production rate estimates we have generated ice sublimation models consistent with the photometric light curve. The inbound light curve is likely controlled by sublimation of CO_2_. At these distances water is not a strong contributor to the outgassing. We also infer that there was a long slow outburst of activity beginning in late 2011 peaking in mid-2013 January (r~5AU) at which point the activity decreased again through 2013 June. We suggest that this outburst was driven by CO injecting large water ice grains into the coma. Observations as the comet came out of solar conjunction seem to confirm our models.