- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/344/704
- Title:
- Planetary nebulae as standard candles. III.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/344/704
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a survey for planetary nebulae in the nearby Sb galaxy M81 (NGC 3031). Using the Kitt Peak 4m telescope and a TI CCD, we identify 185 planetary nebula candidates. Photometry of the nebulae extends nearly 2.5mag below the brightest candidate, although the sample is statistically homogeneous and complete for only 88 nebulae representing the top 1.2mag of the luminosity function.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/344/715
- Title:
- Planetary nebulae as standard candles. IV.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/344/715
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a planetary nebula survey of galaxies in the Leo I group performed with the Kitt Peak and Cerro Tololo 4m telescopes and on-band off-band {lambda}5007 interference filters. In all, we detected 249 PN candidates populating the top 1.5mag of the planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF), including 93 in the E0 galaxy NGC 3379, 54 in the E6 galaxy NGC 3377, and 102 in the S0 spiral NGC 3384.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/416/62
- Title:
- Planetary nebulae as standard candles. IX.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/416/62
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a planetary nebula (PN) survey of three galaxies in the Fornax Cluster performed with the Cerro Tololo 4m telescope and on-band off-band [O III] {lambda}5007 interference filters. In all, we detected 224 PN candidates : 105 in the peculiar SO/Sa galaxy NGC 1316 (Fornax A), 47 in the E2 galaxy NGC 1404, and 72 in the central cD of the cluster NGC 1399. Using statistically complete samples of planetaries and the procedures described in previous papers in the series, we derive distances to these galaxies from the planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/356/332
- Title:
- Planetary nebulae as standard candles. V.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/356/332
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We identify and measure the [O III] {lambda}5007 fluxes of 486 planetary nebula candidates in six early-type galaxies (NGC 4374, 4382, 4406, 4472, 4486, and 4649) in the core of the Virgo Cluster. Following the procedures and calibrations outlined in previous papers in this series, we compare the observed planetary nebula luminosity functions to an empirical model based on the planetary nebulae in M31 and derive distances to the galaxies of 15.7, 14.4, 15.7, 13.9, 14.5, and 14.2Mpc.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/365/471
- Title:
- Planetary nebulae as standard candles. VI.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/365/471
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have measured the [O III] {lambda}5007 fluxes of the brightest planetaries in the LMC (102 objects) and SMC (31 objects) using narrow-band imaging at the CTIO 0.9m telescope. Our fluxes agree to -5% with photoelectric measurements available in the literature (31 objects); agreement is much worse for objects with only spectrophotometric observations. Using the fluxes for the complete sample of bright LMC planetaries, we derive a distance using the planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/383/487
- Title:
- Planetary nebulae as standard candles. VII.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/383/487
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of an [O III] {lambda}5007 survey for planetary nebulae in the NGC 1023 Group. In all, we detected 143 planetary nebula candidates: 110 in the SB0 galaxy NGC 1023 and 33 in the halo of the edge-on Sb spiral NGC 891. Using a statistically complete and homogeneous sample of planetary nebulae and the procedures described in previous papers in the series, we derive distances to these galaxies using the planetary nebula luminosity function (PNLF). After correcting for foreground extinction by using the estimated reddening values of Burstein and Heiles, we find the distance moduli for NGC 1023 and NGC 891 are 29.97+/-0.14 and 29.97+/-.16, respectively. The similarity of these distances demonstrates the insensitivity of the PNLF to galaxy Hubble types and population age, and again confirms it as one of the best extragalactic standard candles.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/112/487
- Title:
- Planetary nebulae classification
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/112/487
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- I classify a large number of planetary nebulae (458) according to the process that caused their progenitors to blow axisymmetrical winds. The classification is based primarily on the morphologies of the different planetary nebulae, assuming that binary companions, stellar or substellar, are necessary in order to have axisymmetrical mass loss on the asymptotic giant branch. I propose four evolutionary classes, according to the binary-model hypothesis: (1) Progenitors of planetary nebulae that did not interact with any companion. These amount to ~10% of all planetary nebulae. (2) Progenitors that interact with stellar companions that avoided a common envelope, 11^+2^_-3_% of all nebulae. (3) Progenitors that interact with stellar companions via a common envelope phase, 23^+11^_-5_% of all nebulae. (4) Progenitors that interact with substellar (i.e., planets and brown dwarfs) companions via a common envelope phase, 56^+5^_-8_% of all nebulae. In order to define and build the different classes, I start with clarifying some relevant terms and processes related to binary evolution. I then discuss kinematical and morphological properties of planetary nebulae that appear to require the interaction of the planetary nebula progenitors and/or their winds with companions, stellar or substellar.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/616/L2
- Title:
- Planetary Nebulae distances in Gaia DR2
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/616/L2
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Planetary Nebula distance scales often suffer for model dependent solutions. Model independent trigonometric parallaxes have been rare. Space based trigonometric parallaxes are now available for a larger sample using the second data release of Gaia. We aim to derive a high quality approach for selection criteria of trigonometric parallaxes for planetary nebulae and discuss possible caveats and restrictions in the use of this data release. A few hundred sources from previous distance scale surveys were manually cross identified with data from the second Gaia data release (DR2) as coordinate based matching does not work reliable. The data are compared with the results of previous distance scales and to the results of a recent similar study, which was using the first data release Gaia DR1. While the few available previous ground based and HST trigonometric parallaxes match perfectly to the new data sets, older statistical distance scales, reaching larger distances, do show small systematic differences. Restricting to those central stars, were photometric colors of Gaia show a negligible contamination by the surrounding nebula, the difference is negligible for radio flux based statistical distances, while those derived from H-alpha surface brightness still show minor differences. The DR2 study significantly improves the previous recalibration of the statistical distance scales using DR1/TGAS.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/other/RAA/18.140
- Title:
- Planetary nebulae in circumnuclear region of M31
- Short Name:
- J/other/RAA/18.1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Planetary nebulae (PNe) are an important tool for studying the dynamics and chemical evolution of galaxies in the Local Universe, given their characteristic bright emission line spectra. The Andromeda Galaxy (M31) provides a unique laboratory for studying PNe in the circumnuclear region, thanks to its proximity and almost uniformly low line-of-sight extinction that ensures observations with high resolution and sensitivity. Using the WIYN/Hydra multi-fiber spectrograph, we have obtained optical (4119-6882{AA}) spectra of 77 PN candidates selected from Hubble Space Telescope narrow-band imaging, which are located within the central ~500 pc region of M31. Among these candidates, 49 (64%) are spectroscopically observed for the first time. The spectra of 300 previously known PNe and HII regions, which primarily reside in the disk, are also taken for comparison. All 77 circumnuclear PN candidates exhibit prominent emission lines, including [OIII] {lambda}5007, [NII] {lambda}6583, H{alpha} and H{beta}, strongly suggesting that they are genuine PNe. We measured the line fluxes, radial velocities and line widths for all objects, and found that the radial velocities of the circumnuclear PNe generally trace rotation of the inner bulge. We also estimated a dynamical mass of ~6.4+/-0.5x10^9^M_{sun}_ enclosed within an effective galactocentric radius of 340 pc, which is compatible with the previously estimated total stellar mass in this region.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/656/A51
- Title:
- Planetary nebulae in Gaia EDR3
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/656/A51
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3), published in December 2020, features improved photometry and astrometry compared to that published in the previous DR2 file and includes a substantially larger number of sources, of the order of 2000 million, making it a paradigm of big data astronomy. Many of the central stars of planetary nebulae (CSPNe) are inherently faint and difficult to identify within the field of the nebula itself. Gaia measurements may be relevant not only in identifying the ionising source of each nebula, but also in the study their physical and evolutionary properties. We demonstrate how Gaia data mining can effectively help to solve the issue of central star misidentification, a problem that has plagued the field since its origin. As we did for DR2, our objective is to present a catalogue of CSPNe with astrometric and photometric information in EDR3. From that catalogue, we selected a sample of stars with high-quality astrometric parameters, on which we carried out a more accurate analysis of CSPNe properties. Gaia GBP-GRP colours allow us to select the sources with sufficient temperatures to ionise the nebula. In order to estimate the real colour of a source, it is important to take into account interstellar extinction and, in the case of compact nebulae, nebular extinction when available. In addition, distances derived from EDR3 parallaxes (combined with consistent literature values) can be used to obtain nebular intrinsic properties from those observed. With this information, CSPNe can be plotted in an Hertzsprung-Russell diagram. From information on the spectral classification of the CS (from the literature) and evolutionary models for post-AGB stars, their evolutionary state can then be analysed. Furthermore, EDR3 high-quality astrometric data enable us to search for objects comoving with CSs in the field of each nebula by detecting sources with parallaxes and proper motions similar to those of the CS. We present a catalogue of 2035 PNe with their corresponding CS identification from among Gaia EDR3 sources. We obtain the distances for those with known parallaxes in EDR3 (1725 PNe). In addition, for a sub-sample (405 PNe) with the most accurate distances, we obtain different nebular properties such as their Galactic distribution, radius, kinematic age, and morphology. Furthermore, for a set of 74 CSPNe, we present the evolutionary state (mass and age) derived from their luminosities and effective temperatures from evolutionary models. Finally, we highlight the detection of several wide binary CSPNe through an analysis of the EDR3 astrometric parameters, and we contribute to shedding some light on the relevance of close binarity in CSPNe.
