- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/685/436
- Title:
- X-ray variability in 4U 1636-53
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/685/436
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have studied the rapid X-ray time variability in 149 pointed observations with the Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer (RXTE)'s Proportional Counter Array of the atoll source 4U 1636-53 in the banana state and, for the first time with RXTE, in the island state. We compare the frequencies of the variability components of 4U 1636-53 with those in other atoll and Z sources and find that 4U 1636-53 follows the universal scheme of correlations previously found for other atoll sources at (sometimes much) lower luminosities. Our results on the hectohertz QPO suggest that the mechanism that sets its frequency differs from that for the other components, while the amplitude-setting mechanism is common. A previously proposed interpretation of the narrow low-frequency QPO frequencies in different sources in terms of harmonic mode switching is not supported by our data or by previous data on other sources, and the frequency range that this QPO covers is found to be unrelated to spin, angular momentum, or luminosity.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/146/60
- Title:
- X-ray variability in 4U 1735-44
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/146/60
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We analyze the cross-correlation function between the soft and hard X-rays of atoll source 4U 1735-44 with RXTE data, and find anti-correlated soft and hard time lags of about a hecto-second. In the island state, the observations do not show any obvious correlations, and most observations of the banana branch show a positive correlation. However, anti-correlations are detected in the upper banana branch. These results are different from those of Z-sources (Cyg X-2, GX 5-1), where anti-correlations are detected in the horizontal branch and upper normal branch. In this case, the lag timescales of both this atoll and Z-sources are found to be similar, at a magnitude of several tens to hundreds of seconds. As a comparison, it is noted that anti-correlated lags lasting thousands of seconds have been reported from several black hole candidates in their intermediate states. In addition, for an observation containing four segments that show positive or anti-correlation, we analyze the spectral evolution with the hybrid model. In the observation, the anti-correlation is detected at the highest flux. The fitting results show that the Comptonized component is not the lowest at the highest flux, which suggests that the anti-correlation corresponds to the transition between the soft and hard states. Finally, we compare the corresponding results of atoll source 4U 1735-44 with those observed in Z-sources and black hole candidates, and the possible origins of the anti-correlated time lags are discussed.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/555/A65
- Title:
- X-ray variability of M31 central field
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/555/A65
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The central field of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) was monitored from 2006 to 2012 using the Chandra HRC-I detector (about 0.1-10keV energy range) with the main aim of detecting X-rays from optical novae. We present a systematic analysis of all X-ray sources found in the 41 nova monitoring observations, along with 23 M31 central field HRC-I observations available from the Chandra data archive starting in December 1999. Based on these observations, we studied the X-ray long-term variability of the source population and especially of X-ray binaries in M31. We created a catalogue of sources detected in the 64 available observations that adds up to a total exposure time of about 1Ms. To study the variability, we developed a processing pipeline to derive long-term Chandra HRC-I light curves for each source over the 13 years of observations. We also searched for extended X-ray sources in the merged images. We present a point-source catalogue containing 318 X-ray sources with detailed long-term variability information, 28 of which are published for the first time. The spatial and temporal resolution of the catalogue allows us to classify 115 X-ray binary candidates showing high X-ray variability or even outbursts, as well as 14 globular cluster X-ray binary candidates showing no significant variability. The analysis may suggest that outburst sources are less frequent in globular clusters than in the field of M31. We detected seven supernova remnants, one of which is a new candidate, and also resolved the first X-rays from a known radio supernova remnant. In addition to 33 known optical nova/X-ray source correlations, we discovered one previously unknown super-soft X-ray outburst and several new nova candidates. The catalogue contains a large sample of detailed long-term X-ray light curves in the M31 central field, which helps in understanding the X-ray population of our neighbouring spiral galaxy M31.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/766/19
- Title:
- XRB population synthesis models in 0<z<20 galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/766/19
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Emission from X-ray binaries (XRBs) is a major component of the total X-ray luminosity of normal galaxies, so X-ray studies of high-redshift galaxies allow us to probe the formation and evolution of XRBs on very long timescales (~10Gyr). In this paper, we present results from large-scale population synthesis models of binary populations in galaxies from z=0 to ~20. We use as input into our modeling the Millennium II Cosmological Simulation and the updated semi-analytic galaxy catalog by Guo et al. (2011MNRAS.413..101G) to self-consistently account for the star formation history (SFH) and metallicity evolution of each galaxy. We run a grid of 192 models, varying all the parameters known from previous studies to affect the evolution of XRBs. We use our models and observationally derived prescriptions for hot gas emission to create theoretical galaxy X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) for several redshift bins. Models with low common envelope efficiencies, a 50% twins mass ratio distribution, a steeper initial mass function exponent, and high stellar wind mass-loss rates best match observational results from Tzanavaris & Georgantopoulos, though they significantly underproduce bright early-type and very bright (L_x_>10^41^) late-type galaxies. These discrepancies are likely caused by uncertainties in hot gas emission and SFHs, active galactic nucleus contamination, and a lack of dynamically formed low-mass XRBs. In our highest likelihood models, we find that hot gas emission dominates the emission for most bright galaxies. We also find that the evolution of the normal galaxy X-ray luminosity density out to z=4 is driven largely by XRBs in galaxies with X-ray luminosities between 10^40^ and 10^41^erg/s.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/741/86
- Title:
- XRBs and star clusters in NGC 4449
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/741/86
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present 23 candidate X-ray binaries with luminosities down to 1.8x10^36^erg/s, in the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 4449, from observations totaling 105ks taken with the ACIS-S instrument on the Chandra Space Telescope. We determine count rates, luminosities, and colors for each source, and perform spectral fits for sources with sufficient counts. We also compile a new catalog of 129 compact star clusters in NGC 4449 from high-resolution, multi-band optical images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, doubling the number of clusters known in this galaxy. The UBVI, H{alpha} luminosities of each cluster are compared with predictions from stellar evolution models to estimate their ages and masses. We find strong evidence for a population of very young massive, black hole binaries, which comprise nearly 50% of the detected X-ray binaries in NGC 4449. Approximately a third of these remain within their parent star clusters, which formed {tau}<=6-8Myr ago, while others have likely been ejected from their parent clusters. We also find evidence for a population of somewhat older X-ray binaries, including both supergiant and Be-binaries, which appear to be associated with somewhat older {tau}~100-400Myr star clusters, and one X-ray binary in an ancient ({tau}~10Gyr) globular cluster. Our results suggest that detailed information on star clusters can significantly improve constraints on X-ray binary populations in star-forming galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/428/1704
- Title:
- XTE J1550-564 quasi-periodic oscillations
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/428/1704
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In this paper, we investigate the energy dependence of the centroid frequency of the low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs; 0.08-20Hz) in XTE J1550-564. We have used the observational data from the Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer during the first half part of the 1998-1999 outburst. We have found that the centroid frequency of the fundamental QPO did not vary with photon energy when its QPO frequency was less than ~0.4-0.8Hz and it did not increase much when its frequency was between ~0.8 and ~3.3Hz. However, it clearly increased with photon energy when it was larger than ~3.3Hz. The most interesting point is that it increased much more quickly with photon energy when its centroid frequency was between ~6 and ~8.5Hz. Subsequently, its rising rate dropped sharply when its frequency was larger than ~8.5Hz.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/874/13
- Title:
- 24yr of radio observations of V404 Cygni
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/874/13
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Relativistic outflows are believed to be a common feature of black hole X-ray binaries (BHXBs) at the lowest accretion rates, when they are in their "quiescent" spectral state. However, we still lack a detailed understanding of how quiescent jet emission varies with time. Here we present 24yr of archival radio observations (from the Very Large Array and the Very Long Baseline Array) of the BHXB V404 Cygni in quiescence (totaling 150 observations from 1.4 to 22GHz). The observed flux densities follow lognormal distributions with means and standard deviations of (<logf{nu}>,{sigma}_logf{nu}_)=(-0.53,0.19) and (-0.53,0.30) at 4.9 and 8.4GHz, respectively (where f{nu} is the flux density in units of mJy). As expected, the average radio spectrum is flat with a mean and standard deviation of (<{alpha}_r_,{sigma}_{alpha}r_)=(0.02,0.65), where f{nu}{propto}{nu}^{alpha}_r_^. We find that radio flares that increase the flux density by factors of 2-4 over timescales as short as <10 minutes are commonplace, and that long-term variations (over 10-4000 day timescales) are consistent with shot-noise impulses that decay to stochastic variations on timescales <~10 days (and perhaps as short as tens of minutes to several hr). We briefly compare the variability characteristics of V404 Cygni to jetted active galactic nuclei, and we conclude with recommendations on how to account for variability when placing quiescent BHXB candidates with radio luminosities comparable to V404 Cygni (L_R_~10^28^erg/s) onto the radio/X-ray luminosity plane.
