- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/639/A26
- Title:
- Cold HI, H2 and total H column density FITS maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/639/A26
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- There are significant amounts of H_2_ in the Milky Way. Due to its symmetry H_2_ does not radiate at radio frequencies. CO is thought to be a tracer for H_2_, however CO is formed at significantly higher opacities than H_2_. Thus, toward high Galactic latitudes significant amounts of H_2_ are hidden and called CO-dark. We demonstrate that the dust-to-gas ratio is a tool to identify locations and column densities of CO-dark H_2_. We adopt the hypothesis of a constant E(B-V)/NH ratio, independent of phase transitions from HI to H_2_. We investigate the Doppler temperatures T_D_, from a Gaussian decomposition of HI4PI data, to study temperature dependencies of E(B-V)/NHI. The E(B-V)/NHI ratio in the cold HI gas phase is high in comparison to the warmer one. We consider this as evidence that cold HI gas toward high Galactic latitudes is associated with H_2_. Beyond CO-bright regions we find for T_D_<1165K a correlation (NHI+2NH_2_)/NHI{prop.to}-log T_D_. In combination with a factor XCO=4.0x10^20^cm^-2^(K.km/s)^-1^ this yields for the full-sky NH/E(B-V)~5.1 to 6.7 10^21^cm^-2^mag^-1^, compatible with X-ray scattering and UV absorption line observations. Cold HI with T_D_<1165K contains on average 46% CO-dark H_2_. Prominent filaments have T_D_<220K and typical excitation temperatures Tex~50K. With a molecular gas fraction of >61% they are dominated dynamically by H_2_.
Number of results to display per page
Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/897/74
- Title:
- Cold & molecular clumps and YSOs within G15.684-0.29
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/897/74
- Date:
- 11 Mar 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The bubble G15.684-0.29 has a radius of 15.7pc. Its large size indicates that it may have enough time to trigger star formation. We identify 39 dense cold clumps around the bubble from the HI-GAL survey. All of them satisfy the criteria for forming massive stars, and most of them lie in the bubble shell. We identify 19 molecular clumps around the bubble from the 12CO(3-2) survey, all of which are gravitationally bound. We found 9 Class I YSOs, 28 Class II YSOs, and 12 transition disks (TDs) around the bubble. For those young stellar objects (YSOs) located within the bubble boundary, 6 of 7 Class I YSOs lie in the shell, 15 of 22 Class II YSOs lie inside the bubble, and 3 of 5 TDs lie inside the bubble. The dynamical age of G15.684-0.29 in a turbulent medium is ~4Myr, which is much greater than the shell fragmentation time, ~0.82-1.74Myr. We suggest that triggered star formation may be ongoing in the shell of the bubble, and the collect and collapse model may work here. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that the radiation-driven implosion model may work on the formation of some YSOs. As we expected, the larger bubble has a much longer dynamical age, but we failed to find a clear age gradient for YSOs around the bubble.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/697/207
- Title:
- Cold stellar stream orbit fit
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/697/207
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We use velocity and metallicity information from Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Sloan Extension for Galactic Understanding and Exploration stellar spectroscopy to fit an orbit to the narrow 63{deg} stellar stream of Grillmair and Dionatos (GD; 2006ApJ...643L..17G). The stars in the stream have a retrograde orbit with eccentricity e=0.33 (perigalacticon of 14.4kpc and apogalacticon of 28.7kpc) and inclination approximately i~35{deg}. In the region of the orbit which is detected, it has a distance of about 7-11kpc from the Sun. Assuming a standard disk plus bulge and logarithmic halo potential for the Milky Way stars plus dark matter, the stream stars are moving with a large space velocity of approximately 276km/s at perigalacticon. Using this stream alone, we are unable to determine if the dark matter halo is oblate or prolate. The metallicity of the stream is [Fe/H]=-2.1+/-0.1. Observed proper motions for individual stream members above the main sequence turnoff are consistent with the derived orbit. None of the known globular clusters in the Milky Way have positions, radial velocities, and metallicities that are consistent with being the progenitor of the GD-1 stream.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/504/543
- Title:
- ^12^C^16^O lines in Arcturus IR spectrum
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/504/543
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We investigate the infrared spectrum of Arcturus to clarify the nature of the cool component of its atmosphere, referred to as the CO-mosphere, and its relationship to the warm molecular envelope or the MOLsphere in cooler M (super)giant stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/426/2601
- Title:
- CO lines in luminous IR galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/426/2601
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report results from a large molecular line survey of luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs; L_IR_>~10^11^L_{sun}_) in the local Universe (z<=0.1), conducted during the last decade with the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope and the IRAM 30-m telescope. This work presents the CO and ^13^CO line data for 36 galaxies, further augmented by multi-J total CO line luminosities available for other infrared (IR) bright galaxies from the literature. This yields a combined sample of N=70 galaxies with the star formation (SF) powered fraction of their IR luminosities spanning L^(*)^IR_~10^10^-2x10^12^)L_{sun}_ and a wide range of morphologies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/550/A41
- Title:
- CO line survey in 0.2<z<1 of galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/550/A41
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- After new observations of 39 galaxies at z=0.6-1.0 obtained at the IRAM 30m telescope, we present our full CO line survey covering the redshift range 0.2<z<1. Our aim is to determine the driving factors accounting for the steep decline in the star formation rate during this epoch. We study both the gas fraction, defined as Mgas/(Mgas+Mstar), and the star formation efficiency (SFE) defined by the ratio between far-infrared luminosity and molecular gas mass (L_FIR_/M(H_2_), i.e. a measure for the inverse of the gas depletion time. The sources are selected to be ultra-luminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs), with L_FIR_ greater than 10^12^L_{sun}_, and experiencing starbursts. When we adopt a standard ULIRG CO-to-H_2_ conversion factor, their molecular gas depletion time is less than 100Myr. Our full survey has now filled the gap of CO observations in the 0.2<z<1 range covering almost half of cosmic history. The detection rate in the 0.6<z<1 interval is 38% (15 galaxies out of 39), compared to 60% for the 0.2<z<0.6 interval. The average CO luminosity is L'_CO_=1.8x10^10^K.km/s.pc^2^, corresponding to an average H_2_ mass of 1.45x10^10^M_{sun}_. From observation of 7 galaxies in both CO(2-1) and CO(4-3), a high gas excitation has been derived; together with the dust mass estimation, this supports the choice of our low ULIRG conversion factor between CO luminosity and H_2_ for our sample sources. We find that both the gas fraction and the SFE significantly increase with redshift, by factors of 3+/-1 from z=0 to 1, and therefore both quantities play an important role and complement each other in cosmic star formation evolution.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/837/130
- Title:
- Collinder 261 Chandra sources & optical counterparts
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/837/130
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first X-ray study of Collinder 261 (Cr261), which at an age of 7Gyr is one of the oldest open clusters known in the Galaxy. Our observation with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory is aimed at uncovering the close interacting binaries in Cr261, and reaches a limiting X-ray luminosity of L_X_~4x10^29^erg/s (0.3-7keV) for stars in the cluster. We detect 107 sources within the cluster half-mass radius r_h_, and we estimate that among the sources with L_X_>~10^30^erg/s, ~26 are associated with the cluster. We identify a mix of active binaries and candidate active binaries, candidate cataclysmic variables, and stars that have "straggled" from the main locus of Cr261 in the color-magnitude diagram. Based on a deep optical source catalog of the field, we estimate that Cr261 has an approximate mass of 6500M_{sun}_, roughly the same as the old open cluster NGC6791. The X-ray emissivity of Cr261 is similar to that of other old open clusters, supporting the trend that they are more luminous in X-rays per unit mass than old populations of higher (globular clusters) and lower (the local neighborhood) stellar density. This implies that the dynamical destruction of binaries in the densest environments is not solely responsible for the observed differences in X-ray emissivity.
- ID:
- ivo://nasa.heasarc/cr261cxo
- Title:
- Collinder 261 Chandra X-Ray Point Source Catalog
- Short Name:
- CR261CXO
- Date:
- 27 Sep 2024
- Publisher:
- NASA/GSFC HEASARC
- Description:
- This table contains some of the results from the first X-ray study of Collinder 261 (Cr 261), which at an age of 7 Gyr is one of the oldest open clusters known in the Galaxy. This observation with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory was aimed at uncovering the close interacting binaries in Cr 261, and reached a limiting X-ray luminosity of L<sub>X</sub> ~ 4 x 10<sup>29</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup> (0.3-7 keV) for stars in the cluster. The authors detected 107 sources within the cluster half-mass radius r<sub>h</sub>, and they estimate that among the sources with L<sub>X</sub> >~ 10<sup>30</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup>, about 26 are associated with the cluster. They identify a mix of active binaries and candidate active binaries, candidate cataclysmic variables, and stars that have "straggled" from the main locus of CR 261 in the color-magnitude diagram. Based on a deep optical source catalog of the field, the authors estimate that Cr 261 has an approximate mass of 6500 M<sub>sun</sub>, roughly the same as the old open cluster NGC 6791. The X-ray emissivity of Cr 261 is similar to that of other old open clusters, supporting the trend that they are more luminous in X-rays per unit mass than old populations of higher (globular clusters) and lower (the local neighborhood) stellar density. This implies that the dynamical destruction of binaries in the densest environments is not solely responsible for the observed differences in X-ray emissivity. Cr 261 was observed with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on board Chandra starting 2009 November 9 14:50 UTC, for a total exposure time of 53.8 ks (ObsID 11308). The observation was made in Very Faint, Timed exposure mode, with a single frame exposure time of 3.2 s. Kharchenko et al. (2013, A&A, 558, A53) estimate that the radius of Cr 261 is ~ 14.1 arcminutes. This is considerably larger than a single ACIS chip (8 4 x 8 4 arcminute<sup>2</sup>) and therefore the authors placed the center of the cluster (J2000.0 RA = 12<sup>h</sup> 38<sup>m</sup> 06.0<sup>s</sup>, Dec = -68<sup>o</sup> 22' 01" according to Kharchenko et al. 2013) close to the I3 aimpoint so that a larger contiguous part of the cluster could be imaged (see Figure 1 in the reference paper). The CCDs used were I0, I1, I2, and I3 from the ACIS-I array, and S2 and S3 from the ACIS-S array. The authors limited the X-ray analysis to the data from chips I0, I1, I2, and I3. The S2 and S3 chips lie far from the I3 aimpoint, giving rise to large positional errors on any sources detected on them. Such large errors make it hard to identify optical counterparts, and thus to classify the sources. Source detection was done in soft (0.3-2.0 keV), hard (2-7 keV) and broad (0.3-7 keV) energy bands. The CIAO source detection routine wavdetect was run for eight wavelet scales ranging from 1.0 to 11.3 pixels. The wavdetect detection threshold (sigthresh) was set at 10<sup>-7</sup>. The corresponding expected number of spurious detections per wavelet scale is 0.42 for all four ACIS chips combined, or 3.35 in total for all wavelet scales. The authors ran wavdetect for the three different energy bands and then cross-correlated the resulting source lists to obtain a master X-ray source list. They detected 113 distinct X-ray sources. To check if any real sources were missed, they ran wavdetect again with a detection threshold of 10<sup>-6</sup>, which increased the expected total number of spurious detections to 33.5, and found a total of 151 distinct X-ray sources with more than two counts (0.3-7 keV) in this case. The positions of 7 of the extra 38 sources were found to match those of short-period binaries discovered by Mazur et al. (1995, MNRAS, 273, 59; see Section 3.4). Close, interacting binaries are plausible real X-ray sources, and indeed the expected number of chance alignments between the Chandra detections and the binaries in the Mazur catalog is very low, as discussed in Section 3.5 of the reference paper. It is therefore likely that at least these seven additional sources are real, but given the ~ 34 spurious detections that are expected, the authors do not believe that there are many more real sources among the extra detections. They flagged the sources that are only found for sigthresh = 10<sup>-6</sup>, but kept them in the master source list. This HEASARC table contains the list of 151 X-ray sources found by wavdetect using a detection threshold of 10<sup>-6</sup> from Table 1 of the reference paper. Information about the 135 optical counterparts to these X-ray sources is available in the HEASARC table CR261OID (based on Table 2 of the reference paper) to which this current table has links. This table was created by the HEASARC in June 2017 based upon the machine-readable version of Table 1 from the reference paper, the catalog of Chandra sources in Cr 261, that was obtained from the ApJ web site. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
- ID:
- ivo://nasa.heasarc/cr261oid
- Title:
- Collinder 261 Chandra X-Ray Source Optical Counterparts Catalog
- Short Name:
- CR261OID
- Date:
- 27 Sep 2024
- Publisher:
- NASA/GSFC HEASARC
- Description:
- This table contains some of the results from the first X-ray study of Collinder 261 (Cr 261), which at an age of 7 Gyr is one of the oldest open clusters known in the Galaxy. This observation with the Chandra X-Ray Observatory was aimed at uncovering the close interacting binaries in Cr 261, and reached a limiting X-ray luminosity of L<sub>X</sub> ~ 4 x 10<sup>29</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup> (0.3-7 keV) for stars in the cluster. The authors detected 107 sources within the cluster half-mass radius r<sub>h</sub>, and they estimate that among the sources with L<sub>X</sub> >~ 10<sup>30</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup>, about 26 are associated with the cluster. They identify a mix of active binaries and candidate active binaries, candidate cataclysmic variables, and stars that have "straggled" from the main locus of CR 261 in the color-magnitude diagram. Based on a deep optical source catalog of the field, the authors estimate that Cr 261 has an approximate mass of 6500 M<sub>sun</sub>, roughly the same as the old open cluster NGC 6791. The X-ray emissivity of Cr 261 is similar to that of other old open clusters, supporting the trend that they are more luminous in X-rays per unit mass than old populations of higher (globular clusters) and lower (the local neighborhood) stellar density. This implies that the dynamical destruction of binaries in the densest environments is not solely responsible for the observed differences in X-ray emissivity. Cr 261 was observed with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on board Chandra starting 2009 November 9 14:50 UTC, for a total exposure time of 53.8 ks (ObsID 11308). The observation was made in Very Faint, Timed exposure mode, with a single frame exposure time of 3.2 s. Kharchenko et al. (2013, A&A, 558, A53) estimate that the radius of Cr 261 is ~ 14.1 arcminutes. This is considerably larger than a single ACIS chip (8 4 x 8 4 arcminute<sup>2</sup>) and therefore the authors placed the center of the cluster (J2000.0 RA = 12<sup>h</sup> 38<sup>m</sup> 06.0<sup>s</sup>, Dec = -68<sup>o</sup> 22' 01" according to Kharchenko et al. 2013) close to the I3 aimpoint so that a larger contiguous part of the cluster could be imaged (see Figure 1 in the reference paper). The CCDs used were I0, I1, I2, and I3 from the ACIS-I array, and S2 and S3 from the ACIS-S array. The authors limited the X-ray analysis to the data from chips I0, I1, I2, and I3. The S2 and S3 chips lie far from the I3 aimpoint, giving rise to large positional errors on any sources detected on them. Such large errors make it hard to identify optical counterparts, and thus to classify the sources. The authors retrieved optical images of Cr 261 in the B and V bands from the ESO public archive. These data were taken as part of the ESO Imaging Survey (EIS; program ID 164.O-0561). The observations of Cr 261 were made using the Wide Field Imager (WFI), mounted on the 2.2 m MPG/ESO telescope at La Silla, Chile. After correcting the X-ray source positions for the (almost negligible) boresight correction (0.06 =/- 0.07 arcseconds in RA and 0.09 +/- 0.08 arcseconds in Dec), the authors matched their X-ray source list with the entire optical source list, using 95% match radii. For 89 unique X-ray sources, they found 124 optical matches; of the latter, 104 are present in both the V and B images, while for 20 there is only a V or B detection. The authors also inspected the area around each X-ray source in the WFI images by eye, and discovered that five more X-ray sources have candidate optical counterparts that are saturated and therefore missing from their optical catalog. Finally, they added to the list of candidate counterparts six optical sources that lay just outside the 95% match radius, but inside the 3-sigma radius. In total, 98 of the 151 unique X-ray sources were thus matched to one or more optical sources. This HEASARC table contains the list of the 135 optical counterparts to 98 of the 151 X-ray sources from Table 2 of the reference paper. Information about the 151 X-ray sources is available in the HEASARC table CR261CXO (based on Table 1 of the reference paper) to which this current table has links. This table was created by the HEASARC in June 2017 primarily based upon the machine-readable version of Table 2 from the reference paper, the catalog of optical counterparts to Chandra sources in Cr 261, that was obtained from the ApJ web site. The information on the X-ray source positions was taken from the machine-readable version of Table 1 from the reference paper that was also obtained from the ApJ web site. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
- ID:
- ivo://nasa.heasarc/coll69oid
- Title:
- Collinder 69 Cluster Optical/IR Counterparts to XMM-Newton X-Ray Point Sources
- Short Name:
- COLL69OID
- Date:
- 27 Sep 2024
- Publisher:
- NASA/GSFC HEASARC
- Description:
- This table contains some of the results from the first paper of a series devoted to the Lambda Orionis star-forming region, Orion's Head, from the X-ray perspective. The final aim of this research is to provide a comprehensive view of this complex region, which includes several distinct associations and dark clouds. The authors aim to uncover the population of the central, young star cluster Collinder 69, and in particular to find those diskless Class III pre-main sequence objects which have not been identified by previous surveys based on near- and mid-infrared searches, and to establish the X-ray luminosity function for the association. The authors have combined two exposures taken with the XMM-Newton satellite with an exhaustive data set of optical, near- and mid-infrared photometry to assess the membership of the X-ray sources based on different color-color and color-magnitude diagrams, as well as other properties, such as effective temperatures, masses and bolometric luminosities derived from spectral energy distribution fitting and comparison with theoretical isochrones. The presence of circumstellar disks is discussed using mid-infrared photometry from the Spitzer Space Telescope. The authors searched for optical and IR counterparts for their X-ray detections, using a radius of 5.1 arcseconds. This search radius is motivated by the astrometry of XMM-Newton (~ 1-2 arcsec) and the statistical errors of the X-ray sources (<= 4 arcsecs). Multiple counterparts were found for several X-ray sources within their search radius. The visual inspection of all optical and IR images indicated that in a few cases there were additional possible counterparts even slightly beyond this search radius. In order to be as comprehensive as possible, the authors have also retained them. They compiled a master catalog with all sources that were present in at least one of the mappings (optical, near-IR or mid-IR) and extracted the photometry from these surveys. The photometry of all possible counterparts to X-ray sources is listed in this table. The reference sources for the optical and infrared magnitudes are discussed in Section 3 of the reference paper. In this table, they are coded as follows: <pre> Code Reference Source 1 = 2MASS Catalog, <a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/II/246">CDS Cat. II/246</a> 2 = XMM-Newton Optical Monitor (XMM OM) 3 = Spitzer 4 = Omega 2000 Camera photometry in 2005 5 = CFHT1999 Survey 6 = Barrado y Navascues et al. (2004 ApJ, 610, 1064; 2007 ApJ, 664, 481) 7 = Dolan & Mathieu (1999 AJ, 118, 2409; 2001 AJ, 121, 2124) 8 = Dolan & Mathieu (2002 AJ, 123, 387) 9 = Omega 2000 Camera photometry in 2007 </pre> Thus, this table contains optical and infrared data, as well as membership information, on 205 possible counterparts to the 164 XMM-Newton X-ray sources detected in EPIC observations of the Collinder 69, East and West Fields (C69E and C69W), respectively, with maximum likelihood (ML) values > 15.0. A companion HEASARC Browse table COLL69XMM contains the X-ray data for these X-ray sources. This table was created by the HEASARC in July 2011 based on the electronic versions of Tables 5, 6, 8 and 9 from the reference paper which were obtained from the CDS (their catalog J/A+A/526/A21 files table5.dat, table6.dat, table8.dat and table9.dat). This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .