- ID:
- ivo://nasa.heasarc/cygob2cxo2
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 Association Chandra X-Ray Point Source Catalog 2
- Short Name:
- CYGOB2CXO2
- Date:
- 27 Sep 2024
- Publisher:
- NASA/GSFC HEASARC
- Description:
- This table contains a catalog of 1696 X-ray sources detected in the massive star-forming region (SFR) Cygnus OB2 and extracted from two archival Chandra observations of the center of the region. A deep source extraction routine, exploiting the low background rates of Chandra observations was employed to maximize the number of sources extracted. Observations at other wavelengths were used to identify low count-rate sources and remove likely spurious sources. Monte Carlo simulations were also used to assess the authenticity of these sources. X-ray spectra were fitted with thermal plasma models to characterize the objects and X-ray light curves were analyzed to determine their variability. The authors used a Bayesian technique to identify optical or near-IR counterparts for 1501 (89%) of our sources, using deep observations from the INT Photometric H-alpha Survey, the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS), and the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey-Galactic Plane Survey. 755 (45%) of these objects have six-band r', H-alpha, i', J, H, and K optical and near-IR photometry. From an analysis of the Poisson false-source probabilities for each source they estimate that their X-ray catalog includes <1% of false sources, and an even lower fraction when only sources with optical or near-IR associations are considered. A Monte Carlo simulation of the Bayesian matching scheme allows this method to be compared to more simplified matching techniques and enables the various sources of error to be quantified. The catalog of 1696 objects presented here includes X-ray broad-band fluxes, spectral model fits, and optical and near-IR photometry in what is one of the largest X-ray catalogs of a single SFR to date. The high number of stellar X-ray sources detected from relatively shallow observations confirms the status and importance of Cygnus OB2 as one of our Galaxy's most massive SFRs. This table was created by the HEASARC in October 2009 based on electronic versions of Tables 2, 3 and 4 from the reference paper which were obtained from the CDS (their catalog J/ApJS/184/84 files table2.dat, table3.dat and table4.dat). This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
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- ID:
- ivo://nasa.heasarc/cygob2cxo
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 Association Chandra X-Ray Point Source Catalog
- Short Name:
- CYGOB2CXO
- Date:
- 27 Sep 2024
- Publisher:
- NASA/GSFC HEASARC
- Description:
- The aim of this study is to identify the so far unknown low mass stellar population of the ~2 Myr old Cygnus OB2 star forming region, and to investigate the X-ray and near-IR stellar properties of its members. The authors analyzed a 97.7ks Chandra ACIS-I observation pointed at the core of the Cygnus OB2 region. Sources were detected using the PWDETECT code and were positionally correlated with optical and near-IR catalogs from the literature. Source events were extracted with the ACIS EXTRACT package. X-ray variability was characterized through the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and spectra were fitted using absorbed APEC thermal plasma models. The authors detected 1003 X-ray sources. Of these, 775 have near-IR counterparts and are expected to be almost all associated with Cygnus OB2 members. From near-IR color-color and color-magnitude diagrams, they estimate a typical absorption toward Cygnus OB2 of A<sub>V</sub> ~ 7.0 mag. Although the region is young, very few stars (~ 4.4%) show disk-induced excesses in the near-IR. X-ray variability is detected in ~ 13% of the sources, but this fraction increases, up to 50%, with increasing source statistics. Flares account for at least 60% of the variability. Despite being generally bright, all but 2 of the 26 detected O-type and early B-type stars are not significantly variable. Typical X-ray spectral parameters are log N<sub>H</sub> ~ 22.25 (cm<sup>-2</sup>) and kT ~ 1.35 keV with 1-sigma dispersion of 0.2 dex and 0.4 keV, respectively. Variable and flaring sources have harder spectra with median kT = 3.3 and 3.8 keV, respectively. OB stars are typically softer (kT ~ 0.75 keV). X-ray luminosities range between 10<sup>30</sup> and 10<sup>31</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup> for intermediate-mass and low-mass stars, and between 2.5 x 10<sup>30</sup> and 6.3 x 10<sup>33</sup> erg s<sup>-1</sup> for OB stars. Cygnus OB2 was observed with the ACIS detector on board the Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO) on 2004 January 16 (Obs.Id. 4511; PI: E. Flaccomio). The ACIS-I 17' x 17' field of view is covered by 4 chips each with 1024 x 1024 pixels (scale 0.49 arcseconds per pixel). The observation was pointed towards J2000.0 (RA,Dec) = (20 33 12.2, +41 15 00.7). An SNR threshold of 4.5 sigma was chosen which resulted in an initial source list of 1054 sources, 51 of which were subsequently rejected as either instrumental artifacts or multiple detections of the same source with different spatial scales. An additional 10 of the 1003 X-ray sources in the present table are likely spurious statistical fluctuations rather than real sources. This table was created by the HEASARC in March 2008 based on <a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/A+A/464/211">CDS catalog J/A+A/464/211</a> files table1.dat, table2.dat and table3.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/640/A128
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 association NIR light curves
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/640/A128
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a J, H, and K photometric variability survey of the central 0.78 square degrees of the young OB association Cygnus OB2. We used data observed with the Wide-Field CAMera at the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope in 2007 (spanning 217 days) to investigate the light curves of 5083 low mass candidate members in the association and explore the occurrence and main characteristics of their near-infrared variability. We identified 2529 stars (~50% of the sample) with significant variability with time-scales ranging from days to months. We classified the variable stars into the following three groups according to their light curve morphology: periodic variability (1697 stars), occultation variability (124 stars), and other types of variability (726 stars). We verified that the disk-bearing stars in our sample are significantly more variable in the near-infrared than diskless stars, with a steep increase in the disk-fraction among stars with higher variability amplitude. We investigated the trajectories described by variable stars in the color-space and measured slopes for 335 stars describing linear trajectories. Based on the trajectories in the color-space, we inferred that the sample analyzed is composed of a mix of young stars presenting variability due to hot and cold spots, extinction by circumstellar material, and changes in the disk emission in the near-infrared. We contemplated using the use of near- infrared variability to identify disk-bearing stars and verified that 53.4% of the known disk-bearing stars in our sample could have been identified as such based solely on their variability. We present 18 newly identified disk- bearing stars and 14 eclipsing binary candidates among CygOB2 lower-mass members.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/465/3879
- Title:
- Cygnus OB1 association stars radial velocities
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/465/3879
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The main objective of this study is the characterization of the velocity field in the Cygnus OB1 association using the radial velocity data currently available in the literature. This association is part of a larger star-forming complex located in the direction of the Cygnus region, but whose main subsystems may be distributed at different distances from the sun. We have collected radial velocity data for more than 300 stars in the area of 5x5 square degrees centred on the Cygnus OB1 association. We present the results of a kinematic clustering analysis in the subspace of the phase space formed by angular coordinates and radial velocity using two independent methodologies. We have found evidence of structure in the phase space with the detection of two main groups, corresponding to different radial velocity and distance values, belonging to the association, and associated with two main shells defined by the Halpha emission. A third grouping well separated from the other two in velocity appears to occupy the whole region associated with what has been called "common shell".
- ID:
- ivo://nasa.heasarc/cygob2xmm
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 Association XMM-Newton X-Ray Point Source Catalog
- Short Name:
- CYGOB2XMM
- Date:
- 27 Sep 2024
- Publisher:
- NASA/GSFC HEASARC
- Description:
- Cyg OB2 is one of the most massive associations of O-type stars in our Galaxy. Despite the large interstellar reddening towards Cyg OB2, many studies, spanning a wide range of wavelengths, have been conducted to more clearly understand this association. X-ray observations provide a powerful tool to overcome the effect of interstellar absorption and study the most energetic processes associated with the stars in Cyg OB2. The author analyses XMM-Newton data to investigate the X-ray and UV properties of massive O-type stars as well as low-mass pre-main sequence stars in Cyg OB2. Six XMM-Newton observations of the core of Cyg OB2 were obtained. In the analysis, the author paid particular attention to the variability of the X-ray bright OB stars, especially the luminous blue variable candidate Cyg OB2 #12. He found that X-ray variability is quite common among the stars in Cyg OB2. While short-term variations are restricted mostly to low-mass pre-main sequence stars, one third of the OB stars display long-term variations. The X-ray flux of CygO B2 #12 varies by 37%, over timescales from days to years, while its mean log L<sub>X</sub>/L<sub>bol</sub> amounts to -6.10. These properties suggest that Cyg OB2 wind. Two other X-ray bright O-type stars (MT91 516 and CPR2002A11) display variations that suggest they are interacting wind binary systems. This table lists the general properties of the X-ray sources detected in Cyg OB2 with the EPIC cameras onboard XMM-Newton as given in Table 2 of the reference paper. An additional list of the properties of the sources detected inside Cyg OB2 with the two UV filters of the OM instrument onboard XMM-Newton which was contained in Table 4 of the reference paper is not included herein. This table was created by the HEASARC in December 2011 based on <a href="https://cdsarc.cds.unistra.fr/ftp/cats/J/A+A/536/A31">CDS Catalog J/A+A/536/A31</a> file table2.dat. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/460/2593
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 DANCe: Proper motion study
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/460/2593
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a high-precision proper motion study of 873 X-ray and spectroscopically selected stars in the massive OB association Cygnus OB2 as part of the DANCe project. These were calculated from images spanning a 15-year baseline and have typical precisions <1mas/yr. We calculate the velocity dispersion in the two axes to be 13.0^+0.8^_-0.7_ and 9.1^+0.5^_-0.5_km/s, using a 2-component, 2-dimensional model that takes into account the uncertainties on the measurements. This gives a 3-dimensional velocity dispersion of 17.8+/-0.6km/s implying a virial mass significantly larger than the observed stellar mass, confirming that the association is gravitationally unbound. The association appears to be dynamically unevolved, as evidenced by considerable kinematic substructure, non-isotropic velocity dispersions and a lack of energy equipartition. The proper motions show no evidence for a global expansion pattern, with approximately the same amount of kinetic energy in expansion as there is in contraction, which argues against the association being an expanded star cluster disrupted by process such as residual gas expulsion or tidal heating. The kinematic substructures, which appear to be close to virial equilibrium and have typical masses of 40-400M_{sun}_, also do not appear to have been affected by the expulsion of the residual gas. We conclude that Cyg OB2 was most likely born highly substructured and globally unbound, with the individual subgroups born in (or close to) virial equilibrium, and that the OB association has not experienced significant dynamical evolution since then.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/637/A64
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 e-MERLIN 21cm survey (COBRaS)
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/637/A64
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The role of massive stars is central to an understanding of galactic ecology. It is important to establish the details of how massive stars provide radiative, chemical, and mechanical feedback in galaxies. Central to these issues is an understanding of the evolution of massive stars, and the critical role of mass loss via strongly structured winds and stellar binarity. Ultimately, and acting collectively, massive stellar clusters shape the structure and energetics of galaxies. We aim to conduct high-resolution, deep field mapping at 21cm of the core of the massive Cygnus OB2 association and to characterise the properties of the massive stars and colliding winds at this waveband. We used seven stations of the e-MERLIN radio facility, with its upgraded bandwidth and enhanced sensitivity to conduct a 21cm census of Cygnus OB2. Based on 42 hours of observations, seven overlapping pointings were employed over multiple epochs during 2014 resulting in 1{sigma} sensitivities down to ~21{mu}Jy and a resolution of ~180mas. A total of 61 sources are detected at 21cm over a ~0.48{deg}x0.48{deg} region centred on the heart of the Cyg OB2 association. Of these 61 sources, 33 are detected for the first time. We detect a number of previously identified sources including four massive stellar binary systems, two YSOs, and several known X-ray and radio sources. We also detect the LBV candidate (possible binary system) and blue hypergiant star of Cyg OB2 #12. The 21cm observations secured in the COBRaS Legacy project provide data to constrain conditions in the outer wind regions of massive stars; determine the non-thermal properties of massive interacting binaries; examine evidence for transient sources, including those associated with young stellar objects; and provide unidentified sources that merit follow-up observations. The 21cm data are of lasting value and will serve in combination with other key surveys of Cyg OB2, including Chandra and Spitzer.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/550/A27
- Title:
- Cygnus OB1-OB4 O stars radial velocities
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/550/A27
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Establishing the multiplicity of O-type stars is the first step towards accurately determining their stellar parameters. Moreover, the distribution of the orbital parameters provides observational clues to the way that O-type stars form and to the interactions during their evolution. Our objective is to constrain the multiplicity of a sample of O-type stars belonging to poorly investigated OB associations in the Cygnus complex and for the first time to provide orbital parameters for binaries identified in our sample. Such information is relevant to addressing the issue of the binarity in the context of O-type star formation scenarios.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/642/A168
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 O stars spectroscopic analysis
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/642/A168
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Cygnus OB2 provides a unique insight into the high-mass stellar content in one of the largest groups of young massive stars in our Galaxy. Although several studies of its massive population have been carried out over the last decades, an extensive spectroscopic study of the whole known O-star population in the association is still lacking. In this work, we created the most complete spectroscopic census of O stars carried out so far in Cygnus OB2 using already existing and new spectroscopy. We present the spectra for 78 O-type stars, from which we identify new binary systems, obtain the distribution of rotational velocities, and determine the main stellar parameters for all the stars in the region that have not been detected as double-line spectroscopic binaries. We also derive radii, luminosities, and masses for those stars with reliable Gaia astrometry, in addition to creating the Hertzsprung- Russell Diagram to interpret the evolutionary status of the association. This work has shown the improvement reached when using accurate spectroscopic parameters and astrometry for the interpretation of the evolutionary status of a population, revealing, in the case of Cygnus OB2, at least two star-forming bursts at ~3 and ~5Myr. We find an apparent deficit of very fast rotators in the distribution of rotational velocities. The inspection of the dynamical distribution of the sample has allowed us to identify nine O stars with peculiar proper motions and discuss a possible dynamical ejection scenario or past supernova explosions in the region.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/472/557
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 region 610MHz sources
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/472/557
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The modern generation of Cherenkov telescopes has revealed a new population of gamma-ray sources in the Galaxy. Some of them have been identified with previously known X-ray binary systems while other remain without clear counterparts a lower energies. Our initial goal here was reporting on extensive radio observations of the first extended and yet unidentified source, namely TeV J2032+4130. This object was originally detected by the HEGRA telescope in the direction of the Cygnus OB2 region and its nature has been a matter of debate during the latest years. The situation has become more complex with the Whipple and MILAGRO telescopes new TeV detections in the same field which could be consistent with the historic HEGRA source, although a different origin cannot be ruled out. We aim to pursue our radio exploration of the TeV J2032+4130 position that we initiated in a previous paper but taking now into account the latest results from new Whipple and MILAGRO TeV telescopes. The data presented here are an extended follow up of our previous work.