- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/439/3719
- Title:
- Embedded clusters infrared photometry
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/439/3719
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present Spitzer, near-IR (NIR) and millimetre observations of the massive star-forming regions W5-east, S235, S252, S254-S258 and NGC 7538. Spitzer data is combined with NIR observations to identify and classify the young population while ^12^CO and ^13^CO observations are used to examine the parental molecular cloud. We detect in total 3021 young stellar objects (YSOs). Of those, 539 are classified as Class I, and 1186 as Class II sources. YSOs are distributed in groups surrounded by a more scattered population. Class I sources are more hierarchically organized than Class II and associated with the most dense molecular material. We identify in total 41 embedded clusters containing between 52 and 73 per cent of the YSOs. Clusters are in general non-virialized, turbulent and have star formation efficiencies between 5 and 50 per cent. We compare the physical properties of embedded clusters harbouring massive stars (MEC) and low-mass embedded clusters (LEC) and find that both groups follow similar correlations where the MEC are an extrapolation of the LEC. The mean separation between MEC members is smaller compared to the cluster Jeans length than for LEC members. These results are in agreement with a scenario where stars are formed in hierarchically distributed dusty filaments where fragmentation is mainly driven by turbulence for the more massive clusters. We find several young OB-type stars having IR-excess emission which may be due to the presence of an accretion disc.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/620/A30
- Title:
- 12 embedded protostellar systems APEX spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/620/A30
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Simulations suggest that gas heating due to radiative feedback is a key factor in whether or not multiple protostellar systems will form. Chemistry is a good tracer of the physical structure of a protostellar system, since it depends on the temperature structure. We aim to study the relationship between envelope gas temperature and protostellar multiplicity. Single dish observations of various molecules that trace the cold, warm and UV-irradiated gas are used to probe the temperature structure of multiple and single protostellar systems on 7000 AU scales. Single, close binary, and wide multiples present similar current envelope gas temperatures, as estimated from H_2_CO and DCO^+^ line ratios. The temperature of the outflow cavity, traced by c-C_3_H_2_, on the other hand, shows a relation with bolometric luminosity and an anticorrelation with envelope mass. Although the envelope gas temperatures are similar for all objects surveyed, wide multiples tend to exhibit a more massive reservoir of cold gas compared to close binary and single protostars. Although the sample of protostellar systems is small, the results suggest that gas temperature may not have a strong impact on fragmentation. We propose that mass, and density, may instead be key factors in fragmentation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/498/167
- Title:
- Embedded sources in L 1688
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/498/167
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Ophiuchus clouds, in particular L 1688, are an excellent region to study the embedded phases of star formation, due to the relatively large number of protostars. However, the standard method of finding and characterizing embedded young stellar objects (YSOs) through just their infrared spectral slope does not yield a reliable sample. This may affect the age determinations, often derived from the statistics on the total number of embedded YSOs and pre-main sequence stars within a cloud. Our aim is to characterize the structure of protostellar envelopes on an individual basis and to correctly identify the embedded YSO population of L 1688.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/706/83
- Title:
- Embedded YSO candidates in W51
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/706/83
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present 737 candidate young stellar objects (YSOs) near the W51 giant molecular cloud over an area of 1.25x1.00{deg} selected from Spitzer Space Telescope data. We use spectral energy distribution fits to identify YSOs and distinguish them from main-sequence (MS) or red giant stars, asymptotic giant branch stars, and background galaxies. Based on extinction of each YSO, we separate a total of 437 YSOs associated with the W51 region from the possible foreground sources. We identify 69 highly embedded Stage 0/I candidate YSOs in our field with masses >5M_{sun}_ (corresponding to mid- to early-B MS spectral types), 46 of which are located in the central active star-forming regions of W51A and W51B. From the YSOs associated with W51, we find evidence for mass segregation showing that the most massive YSOs are concentrated on the W51 HII region complex.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/549/A67
- Title:
- Embedded YSOs in Carina Nebula complex
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/549/A67
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Carina Nebula represents one of the largest and most active star forming regions known in our Galaxy. It contains numerous very massive (M>~40M_{sun}) stars that strongly act the surrounding clouds by their ionizing radiation and stellar winds. Our recently obtained Herschel PACS & SPIRE far-infrared maps cover the full area (~~8.7{deg}^2^) of the Carina Nebula complex and reveal the population of deeply embedded young stellar objects, most of which are not yet visible in the mid- or near-infrared. We study the properties of the 642 objects that are independently detected as point-like sources in at least two of the five Herschel bands. For those objects that can be identified with apparently single Spitzer counterparts, we use radiative transfer models to derive information about the basic stellar and circumstellar parameters.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/460/884
- Title:
- EMBLA survey. Galactic bulge metal-poor stars
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/460/884
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Cosmological models predict the oldest stars in the Galaxy should be found closest to the centre of the potential well, in the bulge. The Extremely Metal-poor BuLge stars with AAOmega survey (EMBLA) successfully searched for these old, metal-poor stars by making use of the distinctive SkyMapper photometric filters to discover candidate metal-poor stars in the bulge. Their metal-poor nature was then confirmed using the AAOmega spectrograph on the Anglo-Australian Telescope. Here we present an abundance analysis of 10 bulge stars with -2.8<[Fe/H]<-1.7 from MIKE/Magellan observations, in total determining the abundances of 22 elements. Combining these results with our previous high-resolution data taken as part of the Gaia-ESO Survey, we have started to put together a picture of the chemical and kinematic nature of the most metal-poor stars in the bulge. The currently available kinematic data are consistent with the stars belonging to the bulge, although more accurate measurements are needed to constrain the stars' orbits. The chemistry of these bulge stars deviates from that found in halo stars of the same metallicity. Two notable differences are the absence of carbon-enhanced metal-poor bulge stars, and the {alpha} element abundances exhibit a large intrinsic scatter and include stars which are underabundant in these typically enhanced elements.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/635/A153
- Title:
- EMCCD observations of the 2018 Draconids
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/635/A153
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Several authors predicted an outburst of the Draconid meteor shower in 2018, but with an uncertain level of activity. Optical meteor observations were used to derive the population and mass indices, flux, and radiant positions of Draconid meteors. We performed 90 minutes of multi-station observations after the predicted peak of activity were performed using highly sensitive Electron Multiplying Charge Coupled Device (EMCCD) cameras. The data calibration is discussed in detail. A novel maximum likelihood estimation method of computing the population and mass index with robust error estimation was developed. We apply the method to observed Draconids and use the values to derive the flux. Meteor trajectories are computed and compared to predicted radiant positions from meteoroid ejection models. We find a mass index of 1.74+/-0.18 in the 30 min bin after the predicted peak, and 2.32+/-0.27 in the subsequent 60 min. The location and the dispersion of the radiant are a good match to modeled values, but there is an offset of 0.4{deg} in solar longitude.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/471/210
- Title:
- eMERGE Survey. I. VLA 5.5GHz sources
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/471/210
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present new observations of the GOODS-N field obtained at 5.5GHz with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array. The central region of the field was imaged to a median rms of 3{mu}Jy/beam with a resolution of 0.5 arcsec. From a 14-arcmin diameter region, we extracted a sample of 94 radio sources with signal-to-noise ratio greater than 5. Near-IR identifications are available for about ~88 per cent of the radio sources. We used different multiband diagnostics to separate active galactic nuclei (AGNs), both radiatively efficient and inefficient, from star-forming galaxies. From our analysis, we find that about 80 per cent of our radio-selected sample is AGN dominated, with the fraction rising to 92 per cent when considering only the radio sources with redshift >1.5. This large fraction of AGN-dominated radio sources at very low flux densities (the median flux density at 5.5GHz is 42{mu}Jy), where star-forming galaxies are expected to dominate, is somewhat surprising and at odds with other results. Our interpretation is that both the frequency and angular resolution of our radio observations strongly select against radio sources whose brightness distribution is diffuse on a scale of several kpc. Indeed, we find that the median angular sizes of the AGN-dominated sources is around 0.2-0.3arcsec against 0.8 arcsec for star-forming galaxies. This highlights the key role that high frequency radio observations can play in pinpointing AGN-driven radio emission at {mu}Jy levels. This work is part of the eMERGE legacy project.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/149/157
- Title:
- EMILI line-identification in IC 418 spectrum
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/149/157
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The identification of spectral lines can be a tedious process requiring the interrogation of large spectroscopic databases, but it does lend itself to software algorithms that can determine the characteristics of candidate line identifications. We present here criteria used for the identification of lines and a logic developed for a line identification software package called EMILI, which uses the v2.04 Atomic Line List as the basic line database. EMILI considers all possible database transitions within the wavelength uncertainties for observed optical emission lines and computes an approximate intensity for each candidate line. It searches for other multiplet members that are expected to be seen with each candidate line, and rank-orders all of the tentative line identifications for each observed line based on a set of criteria. When applied to the spectra of the Orion Nebula and the planetary nebula IC 418, EMILI's recommended line IDs agree well with those of previous traditional manual line assignments. The existence of a semiautomated procedure should give impetus to the study of very high signal-to-noise spectra, enabling the identification of previously unidentified spectral lines to be handled with ease and consistency.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/365/454
- Title:
- Emission line analysis of HII galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/365/454
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a statistical study of a very large sample of HII galaxies taken from the literature. We focus on the differences in several properties between galaxies that show the auroral line [OIII]{lambda}4363 and those that do not present this feature in their spectra.