- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/247/9
- Title:
- FGK stars magnetic activity in LAMOST-Kepler field
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/247/9
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Monitoring chromospheric and photospheric indexes of magnetic activity can provide valuable information, especially the interaction between different parts of the atmosphere and their response to magnetic fields. We extract chromospheric indexes, S and R_HK_^+^, for 59816 stars from LAMOST spectra in the LAMOST-Kepler program, and photospheric index, Reff, for 5575 stars from Kepler light curves. The log Reff shows positive correlation with logR_HK_^+^. We estimate the power-law indexes between Reff and R_HK_^+^ for F-, G-, and K-type stars, respectively. We also confirm the dependence of both chromospheric and photospheric activity on stellar rotation. Ca ii H and K emissions and photospheric variations generally decrease with increasing rotation periods for stars with rotation periods exceeding a few days. The power-law indexes in exponential decay regimes show different characteristics in the two activity-rotation relations. The updated largest sample including the activity proxies and reported rotation periods provides more information to understand the magnetic activity for cool stars.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/636/A85
- Title:
- 3748 FGK stars spectroscopic parameters
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/636/A85
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) has observed the H-band spectra of over 200000 stars with R~22 000. The main motivation for this work is to test an alternative method to the standard APOGEE pipeline (APOGEE Stellar Parameter and Chemical Abundances Pipeline, ASPCAP) to derive parameters in the near-infrared (NIR) for FGK dwarfs. iSpec and Turbospectrum are used to generate synthetic spectra matching APOGEE observations and to determine the parameters through chi^2^ minimization. We present spectroscopic parameters (Teff, [M/H], logg, v_mic_) for a sample of 3748 main-sequence and subgiant FGK stars, obtained from their APOGEE H-band spectra. We compare our output parameters with the ones obtained with ASPCAP for the same stellar spectrum, and find that the values agree within the expected uncertainties. A comparison with the optical samples, California Planet Survey, HARPS-GTO, and PASTEL is also available, and median differences below 10K for Teff and 0.2dex for [M/H] are found. Reasons for these differences are explored. The full H-band line list, the line selection for the synthesis, and the synthesized spectra are available for download, as are the calculated parameters and their estimated uncertainties.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/493/1926
- Title:
- 4FGL blazar classification neural network
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/493/1926
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) has detected more than 5000 gamma-ray sources in its first 8 years of operation. More than 3000 of them are blazars. About 60 per cent of the Fermi-LAT blazars are classified as BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) or Flat Spectrum Radio Quasars (FSRQs), while the rest remain of uncertain type. The goal of this study was to classify those blazars of uncertain type, using a supervised machine learning method based on an artificial neural network, by comparing their properties to those of known gamma-ray sources. Probabilities for each of 1329 uncertain blazars to be a BL Lac or FSRQ are obtained. Using 90 per cent precision metric, 801 can be classified as BL Lacs and 406 as FSRQs while 122 still remain unclassified. This approach is of interest because it gives a fast preliminary classification of uncertain blazars. We also explored how different selections of training and testing samples affect the classification and discuss the meaning of network outputs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/462/3180
- Title:
- 3FGL Blazar of Unknown Type classification
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/462/3180
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Fermi-Large Area Telescope (LAT) is currently the most important facility for investigating the GeV {gamma}-ray sky. With Fermi-LAT, more than three thousand {gamma}-ray sources have been discovered so far. 1144 (~40 per cent) of the sources are active galaxies of the blazar class, and 573 (~20 per cent) are listed as blazar candidate of uncertain type (BCU), or sources without a conclusive classification. We use the empirical cumulative distribution functions and the artificial neural networks for a fast method of screening and classification for BCUs based on data collected at {gamma}-ray energies only, when rigorous multiwavelength analysis is not available. Based on our method, we classify 342 BCUs as BL Lacs and 154 as flat-spectrum radio quasars, while 77 objects remain uncertain. Moreover, radio analysis and direct observations in ground-based optical observatories are used as counterparts to the statistical classifications to validate the method. This approach is of interest because of the increasing number of unclassified sources in Fermi catalogues and because blazars and in particular their subclass high synchrotron peak objects are the main targets of atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/851/31
- Title:
- 2FGL J0846.0+2820 opt. counterpart follow-up
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/851/31
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present optical photometric and spectroscopic observations of the likely stellar counterpart to the unassociated Fermi Large Area Telescope (LAT) {gamma}-ray source 2FGL J0846.0+2820, selected for study based on positional coincidences of optical variables with unassociated LAT sources. Using optical spectroscopy from the SOAR telescope, we have identified a late-G giant in an eccentric (e=0.06) 8.133-day orbit with an invisible primary. Modeling the spectroscopy and photometry together led us to infer a heavy neutron star primary of ~2M_{sun}_ and a partially stripped giant secondary of ~0.8M_{sun}_. H{alpha} emission is observed in some of the spectra, perhaps consistent with the presence of a faint accretion disk. We find that the {gamma}-ray flux of 2FGL J0846.0+2820 dropped substantially in mid-2009, accompanied by an increased variation in the optical brightness, and since then, it has not been detected by Fermi. The long period and giant secondary are reminiscent of the {gamma}-ray bright binary 1FGL J1417.7-4407, which hosts a millisecond pulsar (MSP) apparently in the final stages of the pulsar recycling process. The discovery of 2FGL J0846.0+2820 suggests the identification of a new subclass of MSP binaries that are the likely progenitors of typical field MSPs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/217/4
- Title:
- 2FGL sources observed between 5-9GHz
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/217/4
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of an all-sky radio survey between 5 and 9GHz of sky areas surrounding all unassociated {gamma}-ray objects listed in the Fermi Large Area Telescope Second Source Catalog (2FGL). The goal of these observations is to find all new {gamma}-ray active galactic nucleus (AGN) associations with radio sources >10mJy at 8GHz. We observed with the Very Large Array and the Australia Telescope Compact Array the areas around unassociated sources, providing localizations of weak radio point sources found in 2FGL fields at arcmin scales. Then we followed-up a subset of those with the Very Long Baseline and the Long Baseline Arrays to confirm detections of radio emission on parsec-scales. We quantified association probabilities based on known statistics of source counts and assuming a uniform distribution of background sources. In total we found 865 radio sources at arcsec scales as candidates for association and detected 95 of 170 selected for follow-up observations at milliarcsecond resolution. Based on this we obtained firm associations for 76 previously unknown {gamma}-ray AGNs. Comparison of these new AGN associations with the predictions from using the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer color-color diagram shows that half of the associations are missed. We found that 129 out of 588 observed {gamma}-ray sources at arcmin scales not a single radio continuum source was detected above our sensitivity limit within the 3{sigma} {gamma}-ray localization. These "empty" fields were found to be particularly concentrated at low Galactic latitudes. The nature of these Galactic {gamma}-ray emitters is not yet determined.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/820/8
- Title:
- 3FGL sources statistical classifications
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/820/8
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We apply a number of statistical and machine learning techniques to classify and rank gamma-ray sources from the Third Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalog (3FGL), according to their likelihood of falling into the two major classes of gamma-ray emitters: pulsars (PSR) or active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Using 1904 3FGL sources that have been identified/associated with AGNs (1738) and PSR (166), we train (using 70% of our sample) and test (using 30%) our algorithms and find that the best overall accuracy (>96%) is obtained with the Random Forest (RF) technique, while using a logistic regression (LR) algorithm results in only marginally lower accuracy. We apply the same techniques on a subsample of 142 known gamma-ray pulsars to classify them into two major subcategories: young (YNG) and millisecond pulsars (MSP). Once more, the RF algorithm has the best overall accuracy (~90%), while a boosted LR analysis comes a close second. We apply our two best models (RF and LR) to the entire 3FGL catalog, providing predictions on the likely nature of unassociated sources, including the likely type of pulsar (YNG or MSP). We also use our predictions to shed light on the possible nature of some gamma-ray sources with known associations (e.g., binaries, supernova remnants/pulsar wind nebulae). Finally, we provide a list of plausible X-ray counterparts for some pulsar candidates, obtained using Swift, Chandra, and XMM. The results of our study will be of interest both for in-depth follow-up searches (e.g., pulsar) at various wavelengths and for broader population studies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/248/23
- Title:
- 4FGL sources with IR/Rad associations
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/248/23
- Date:
- 09 Nov 2021 09:30:22
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Associating {gamma}-ray sources to their low-energy counterparts is one of the major challenges of modern {gamma}-ray astronomy. In the context of the Fourth Fermi Large Area Telescope Source Catalog (4FGL), the associations rely mainly on parameters such as apparent magnitude, integrated flux, and angular separation between the {gamma}-ray source and its low-energy candidate counterpart. In this work, we propose a new use of the likelihood ratio (LR) and a complementary supervised learning technique to associate {gamma}-ray blazars in 4FGL, based only on spectral parameters such as the {gamma}-ray photon index, mid-infrared colors, and radio-loudness. In the LR approach, we crossmatch the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer Blazar-Like Radio-Loud Sources catalog with 4FGL and compare the resulting candidate counterparts with the sources listed in the {gamma}-ray blazar locus to compute an association probability (AP) for 1138 counterparts. In the supervised learning approach, we train a random forest algorithm with 869 high-confidence blazar associations and 711 fake associations and then compute an AP for 1311 candidate counterparts. A list with all 4FGL blazar candidates of uncertain type associated by our method is provided to guide future optical spectroscopic follow-up observations.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/161/154
- Title:
- 3FGL X-ray Analysis and ML
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/161/154
- Date:
- 07 Mar 2022 07:09:03
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We conduct X-ray spectral fits on 184 likely counterparts to Fermi-LAT 3FGL unassociated sources. Characterization and classification of these sources allows for more complete population studies of the high-energy sky. Most of these X-ray spectra are well fit by an absorbed power law model, as expected for a population dominated by blazars and pulsars. A small subset of 7 X-ray sources have spectra unlike the power law expected from a blazar or pulsar and may be linked to coincident stars or background emission. We develop a multiwavelength machine learning classifier to categorize unassociated sources into pulsars and blazars using gamma- and X-ray observations. Training a random forest procedure with known pulsars and blazars, we achieve a cross-validated classification accuracy of 98.6%. Applying the random forest routine to the unassociated sources returned 126 likely blazar candidates (defined as P_bzr_>90%) and 5 likely pulsar candidates (P_bzr_<10%). Our new X-ray spectral analysis does not drastically alter the random forest classifications of these sources compared to previous works, but it builds a more robust classification scheme and highlights the importance of X-ray spectral fitting. Our procedure can be further expanded with UV, visual, or radio spectral parameters or by measuring flux variability.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/PAZh/29/858
- Title:
- FG Sagittae: new observations
- Short Name:
- J/PAZh/29/858
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In 1999-2002 the BVRI photometric and spectroscopic observations of FG Sge were made. The star has been in a new R CrB photometric phase since 1992.