- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/637/A62
- Title:
- Fornax3D. Planetary nebulae automated detection
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/637/A62
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Extragalactic Planetary Nebulae (PNe) are detectable via relatively strong nebulous [OIII] emission, acting as direct probes into the local stellar population. Due to an apparently universal, invariant magnitude cut-off, PNe are also considered to be a remarkable standard candle for distance estimation. Through detecting PNe within the galaxies, we aim to connect the relative abundances of PNe to the properties of their host galaxy stellar population. By removing the stellar background components from FCC 167 and FCC 219, we aim to produce PN Luminosity Functions (PNLF) of those galaxies, and therefore also estimate the distance modulus to those two systems. Finally, we test the reliability and robustness of the our novel detection and analysis method. It detects the presence of unresolved point sources via their [OIII] 5007{AA} emission, within regions previously unexplored. We model the [OIII] emissions in both the spatial and spectral dimensions together, as afforded to us by the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) and drawing on data gathered as part of the Fornax3D survey. For each source, we inspect the properties of the nebular emission lines present to remove other sources, that could hinder the safe construction of the PNLF, such as supernova remnants and HII regions. As a further step, we characterise any potential limitations and draw conclusions about the reliability of our modelling approach via a set of simulations. Through the application of this novel detection and modelling approach to IFU observations, we report for both galaxies: distance estimates, luminosity specific PNe frequency values. Furthermore, we include an overview into source contamination, galaxy differences and how they may affect the PNe populations in the dense stellar environments.
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6442. Fornax3D PNe Catalogue
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/653/A167
- Title:
- Fornax3D PNe Catalogue
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/653/A167
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Extragalactic planetary nebulae (PNe) offer a way to determine the distance to their host galaxies thanks to the nearly universal shape of the luminosity function (PNLF). Accurate PNe distance measurements rely on obtaining well- sampled PNLFs and the number of observed PNe scales with the encompassed stellar mass. This means either disposing of wide-field observations or on focusing on the bright central regions of galaxies. In this work we take this second approach and conduct a census of the PNe population in the central regions of galaxies in the Fornax cluster, using VLT/MUSE data for the early- type galaxies observed over the course of the Fornax3D survey. Using such integral-field spectroscopic observations to carefully separate the nebular emission from the stellar continuum, we isolate [OIII] 5007{AA} sources of interest, filter out unresolved impostor sources or kinematic outliers, and present a catalogue of 1350 unique PNe sources across 21 early- type galaxies, which includes their positions, [OIII} 5007{AA} line magnitudes and line-of-sight velocities. Using the PNe catalogued within each galaxy, we present independently-derived distance estimates based on the fit to the entire observed PNLF observed while carefully accounting for the PNe detection incompleteness. With these individual measurements we arrive at an average distance to the Fornax cluster itself of 19.86+/-0.32Mpc ({mu}_PNLF_=31.49+/-0.04mag). Our PNLF distance measurements agree well with previous distances based on surface brightness fluctuations, finding no significant systematic offsets between the two methods as otherwise reported in previous studies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/637/A26
- Title:
- Fornax 3D project. Globular clusters
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/637/A26
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Globular clusters (GCs) are found ubiquitously in massive galaxies and due to their old ages, they are regarded as fossil records of galaxy evolution. Spectroscopic studies of GC systems are often limited to the outskirts of galaxies, where GCs stand out against the galaxy background and serve as bright tracers of galaxy assembly. In this work we use the capabilities of the Multi Unit Explorer Spectrograph (MUSE) to extract a spectroscopic sample of 722 GCs in the inner regions (<3Reff) of 32 galaxies in the Fornax cluster. These galaxies were observed as part of the Fornax 3D project, a MUSE survey that targets early and late-type galaxies within the virial radius of Fornax. After accounting for the galaxy background in the GC spectra, we extracted line-of-sight velocities and determined metallicities of a subsample of 238 GCs. We found signatures of rotation within GC systems and comparing the GC kinematics and that of the stellar body shows that the angular momentum of the GC system reflects that of the stars, confirming the usefulness of GCs as kinematic tracers. While the red GCs prove to closely follow the metallicity profile of the host galaxy, the blue GCs show a large spread of metallicities but are generally more metal -poor than the host.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/585/A86
- Title:
- Fornax dSph H4 globular cluster stars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/585/A86
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The globular cluster H4, located in the center of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy, is crucial for understanding the formation and chemical evolution of star clusters in low-mass galactic environments. H4 is peculiar because the cluster is significantly more metal-rich than the galaxy's other clusters, is located near the galaxy center, and may also be the youngest cluster in the galaxy. In this study, we present detailed chemical abundances derived from high-resolution (R~28000) spectroscopy of an isolated H4 member star for comparison with a sample of 22 nearby Fornax field stars. We find the H4 member to be depleted in the alpha-elements Si, Ca, and Ti with [Si/Fe]=-0.35+/-0.34, [Ca/Fe]=+0.05+/-0.08, and [Ti/Fe]=-0.27+/-0.23, resulting in an average [{alpha}/Fe]=-0.19+/-0.14. If this result is representative of the average cluster properties, H4 is the only known system with a low [{alpha}/Fe] ratio and a moderately low metallicity embedded in an intact birth environment. For the field stars we find a clear sequence, seen as an early depletion in [{alpha}/Fe] at low metallicities, in good agreement with previous measurements. H4 falls on top of the observed field star [{alpha}/Fe] sequence and clearly disagrees with the properties of Milky Way halo stars. We therefore conclude that within a galaxy, the chemical enrichment of globular clusters may be closely linked to the enrichment pattern of the field star population. The low [{alpha}/Fe] ratios of H4 and similar metallicity field stars in Fornax give evidence that slow chemical enrichment environments, such as dwarf galaxies, may be the original hosts of alpha-depleted clusters in the halos of the Milky Way and M31.
- ID:
- ivo://nasa.heasarc/fornaxxmm
- Title:
- Fornax Dwarf Galaxy XMM-Newton X-Ray Point Source Catalog
- Short Name:
- FORNAXXMM
- Date:
- 27 Sep 2024
- Publisher:
- NASA/GSFC HEASARC
- Description:
- This table contains some of the results of a deep archive XMM-Newton observation of the Fornax spheroidal galaxy that the authors analyzed with the aim of fully characterizing the X-ray source population (in most of the cases likely to be background active galactic nuclei) detected towards the target. A cross-correlation with the available databases allowed them to find a source that may be associated with a variable star belonging to the galaxy. The authors also searched for X-ray sources in the vicinity of the Fornax globular clusters GC 3 and GC 4 and found two sources probably associated with the respective clusters. The deep X-ray observation was also suitable for the search for the intermediate-mass black hole (of mass ~ 10<sup>4</sup> solar masses) expected to be hosted in the center of the galaxy. In the case of Fornax, this search is extremely difficult since the galaxy centroid of gravity is poorly constrained because of the large asymmetry observed in the optical surface brightness. Since the authors cannot firmly establish the existence of an X-ray counterpart of the putative black hole, they put constraints only on the accretion parameters. In particular, they found that the corresponding upper limit on the accretion efficiency, with respect to the Eddington luminosity, is as low as a few 10<sup>-5</sup>. This table was created by the HEASARC in February 2013 based on an electronic version of Table 1 from the reference paper which was obtained from the A&A web site. This is a service provided by NASA HEASARC .
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/504/3580
- Title:
- Fornax galaxy cluster NIR images & catalogs
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/504/3580
- Date:
- 06 Jan 2022 17:55:05
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs) were serendipitously discovered by spectroscopic surveys in the Fornax cluster 20 yr ago. Nowadays, it is commonly accepted that many bright UCDs are the nuclei of galaxies that have been stripped. However, this conclusion might be driven by biased samples of UCDs in high-density environments, on which most searches are based. With the deep optical images of the Fornax Deep Survey, combined with public near-infrared data, we revisit the UCD population of the Fornax cluster and search for UCD candidates, for the first time, systematically out to the virial radius of the galaxy cluster. Our search is complete down to magnitude m_g_=21mag or M_g_~-10.5mag at the distance of the Fornax cluster. The UCD candidates are identified and separated from foreground stars and background galaxies by their optical and near-infrared colours. This primarily utilizes the u-i/i-Ks diagram and a machine learning technique is employed to incorporate other colour combinations to reduce the number of contaminants. The newly identified candidates (44) in addition to the spectroscopically confirmed UCDs (61), increase the number of known Fornax UCD considerably (105). Almost all of the new UCD candidates are located outside the Fornax cluster core (360kpc), where all of the known UCDs were found. The distribution of UCDs within the Fornax cluster shows that a population of UCDs may form in low-density environments. This most likely challenges the current models of UCD formation.
6447. Fornax Globular 3
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/114/1471
- Title:
- Fornax Globular 3
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/114/1471
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present new B-V color-magnitude diagrams for Fornax globular cluster 3 and the surrounding field where our data reach one magnitude below the horizontal branch which is at V_HB_=21.28. After subtracting the field stars from the cluster CMD, we found no evidence for an intrinsic width of the red giant branch because the scatter is only slightly wider than the photometric errors. We determine that there is an intrinsic width to the horizontal branch because the scatter is larger than the photometric errors. After comparing our data with earlier photometry, we find 7 possible variable stars, both within and outside the instability strip, out of a total of 74 horizontal branch stars. We calculate the horizontal branch type of cluster 3 to be of intermediate color, -0.110+/-0.104, which when compared to Fornax cluster 1, having similar metallicity, suggests a second-parameter pair. Five carbon star candidates identified by Jorgensen & Jimenez (1997, Cat. <J/A+A/317/54>) are marked in the field-subtracted color-magnitude diagram. (c) 1997 American Astronomical Society.
6448. Fornax globular clusters
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/657/A93
- Title:
- Fornax globular clusters
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/657/A93
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Fornax cluster provides an unparalleled opportunity of investigating the formation and evolution of early-type galaxies in a dense environment in detail. We aim at kinematically characterising photometrically detected globular cluster (GC) candidates in the core of the cluster. We used VLT/VIMOS spectroscopic data from the FVSS survey in the Fornax cluster, covering one square degree around the central massive galaxy NGC 1399. We confirm a total of 777 GCs, almost doubling previously detected GCs, using the same dataset as was used before. Combined with previous literature radial velocity measurements of GCs in Fornax, we compile the most extensive spectroscopic GC sample of 2341 objects in this environment. We found that red GCs are mostly concentrated around major galaxies, while blue GCs are kinematically irregular and are widely spread throughout the core region of the cluster. The velocity dispersion profiles of blue and red GCs show a quite distinct behaviour. Blue GCs exhibit a sharp increase in the velocity dispersion profile from 250 to 400km/s within 5 arcminutes (~29kpc~1r_eff_ of NGC 1399) from the central galaxy. The velocity dispersion profile of red GCs follows a constant value between 200-300km/s until 8 arcminutes (~46kpc~1.6r_eff_, and then rises to 350km/s at 10 arcminutes (~58kpc~2r_eff_). Beyond 10 arcminutes and out to 40 arcminutes (~230kpc~8r_eff_), blue and red GCs show a constant velocity dispersion of 300+/-50km/s, indicating that both GC populations trace the cluster potential. We kinematically confirm and characterise the previously photometrically discovered overdensities of intra-cluster GCs. We found that these substructured intra-cluster regions in Fornax are dominated mostly by blue GCs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/453/690
- Title:
- Fornax VST ATLAS catalogue
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/453/690
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a panoramic study of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy, using data obtained as part of the VLT Survey Telescope (VST) ATLAS Survey. The data presented here - a subset of the full survey - uniformly cover a region of 25deg^2^ centred on the galaxy, in g, r and i bands. This large area coverage reveals two key differences to previous studies of Fornax. First, data extending beyond the nominal tidal radius of the dwarf highlight the presence of a second distinct red giant branch population. This bluer red giant branch appears to be co-eval with the horizontal branch population. Secondly, a shell structure located approximately 1.4{deg} from the centre of Fornax is shown to be a mis-identified background overdensity of galaxies. This last result casts further doubt on the hypothesis that Fornax underwent a gas-rich merger in its relatively recent past.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/506/359
- Title:
- FORS2 and HAWKI photometry of CoRoT-1
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/506/359
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present VLT eclipse photometry for the giant planet CoRoT-1b. We observed a transit in the R-band filter and an occultation in a narrow filter centered on 2.09{mu}m. Our analysis of this new photometry and published radial velocities, in combination with stellar-evolutionary modeling, leads to a planetary mass and radius of 1.07^+0.13^_-0.18_M_{Jup}_ and 1.45^+0.07^_-0.13_R_{Jup}, confirming the very low density previously deduced from CoRoT photometry. The large occultation depth that we measure at 2.09{mu}m (0.278^0.043^_-0.066_% ) is consistent with thermal emission and is better reproduced by an atmospheric model with no redistribution of the absorbed stellar flux to the night side of the planet.