- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/743/39
- Title:
- Spitzer observations of W3 molecular cloud
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/743/39
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In this work, we have carried out an in-depth analysis of the young stellar content in the W3 giant molecular cloud (GMC). The young stellar object (YSO) population was identified and classified in the Infrared Array Camera/Multiband Imaging Photometer color-magnitude space according to the "Class" scheme and compared to other classifications based on intrinsic properties. Class 0/I and II candidates were also compared to low-/intermediate-mass pre-main-sequence (PMS) stars selected through their colors and magnitudes in the Two Micron All Sky Survey. We find that a reliable color/magnitude selection of low-mass PMS stars in the infrared requires prior knowledge of the protostar population, while intermediate-mass objects can be more reliably identified. By means of the minimum spanning tree algorithm and our YSO spatial distribution and age maps, we investigated the YSO groups and the star formation history in W3.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/867/109
- Title:
- Spitzer observations of Y and T dwarfs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/867/109
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Y dwarfs provide a unique opportunity to study free-floating objects with masses <30M_Jup_ and atmospheric temperatures approaching those of known Jupiter-like exoplanets. Obtaining distances to these objects is an essential step toward characterizing their absolute physical properties. Using Spitzer's Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) [4.5] images taken over baselines of ~2-7yrs, we measure astrometric distances for 22 late-T and early Y dwarfs, including updated parallaxes for 18 objects and new parallax measurements for 4 objects. These parallaxes will make it possible to explore the physical parameter space occupied by the coldest brown dwarfs. We also present the discovery of six new late-T dwarfs, updated spectra of two T dwarfs, and the reclassification of a new Y dwarf, WISE J033605.04-014351.0, based on Keck/NIRSPEC J-band spectroscopy. Assuming that effective temperatures are inversely proportional to absolute magnitude, we examine trends in the evolution of the spectral energy distributions of brown dwarfs with decreasing effective temperature. Surprisingly, the Y dwarf class encompasses a large range in absolute magnitude in the near- to mid-infrared photometric bandpasses, demonstrating a larger range of effective temperatures than previously assumed. This sample will be ideal for obtaining mid-infrared spectra with the James Webb Space Telescope because their known distances will make it easier to measure absolute physical properties.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/845/120
- Title:
- Spitzer obs. of warm dust in 83 debris disks
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/845/120
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The architectures of debris disks encode the history of planet formation in these systems. Studies of debris disks via their spectral energy distributions (SEDs) have found infrared excesses arising from cold dust, warm dust, or a combination of the two. The cold outer belts of many systems have been imaged, facilitating their study in great detail. Far less is known about the warm components, including the origin of the dust. The regularity of the disk temperatures indicates an underlying structure that may be linked to the water snow line. If the dust is generated from collisions in an exo-asteroid belt, the dust will likely trace the location of the water snow line in the primordial protoplanetary disk where planetesimal growth was enhanced. If instead the warm dust arises from the inward transport from a reservoir of icy material farther out in the system, the dust location is expected to be set by the current snow line. We analyze the SEDs of a large sample of debris disks with warm components. We find that warm components in single-component systems (those without detectable cold components) follow the primordial snow line rather than the current snow line, so they likely arise from exo-asteroid belts. While the locations of many warm components in two-component systems are also consistent with the primordial snow line, there is more diversity among these systems, suggesting additional effects play a role.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/880/9
- Title:
- Spitzer obs. of YSOs in the SMOG field
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/880/9
- Date:
- 07 Mar 2022 07:09:50
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In this paper we undertake a study of the 21deg^2^ SMOG field, a Spitzer cryogenic mission Legacy program to map a region of the outer Milky Way toward the Perseus and outer spiral arms with the IRAC and MIPS instruments. We identify 4648 YSOs across the field. Using the DBSCAN method, we identify 68 clusters or aggregations of YSOs in the region, having eight or more members. We identify 1197 Class I objects, 2632 Class II objects, and 819 Class III objects, of which 45 are candidate transition disk objects, utilizing the MIPS 24 photometry. The ratio of YSOs identified as members of clusters was 2872/4648, or 62%. The ratios of Class I to Class II YSOs in the clusters are broadly consistent with those found in the inner Galactic and nearby Gould Belt young star formation regions. The clustering properties indicate that the protostars may be more tightly bound to their natal sites than the Class II YSOs, and the Class III YSOs are generally widely distributed. We further perform an analysis of the WISE data of the SMOG field to determine how the lower resolution and sensitivity of WISE affects the identification of YSOs as compared to Spitzer: we identify 931 YSOs using combined WISE and 2MASS photometry, or 20% (931/4648) of the total number identified with Spitzer. Performing the same clustering analysis finds 31 clusters that reliably trace the larger associations identified with the Spitzer data. Twelve of the clusters identified have previously measured distances from the WISE HII survey. SEDFitter modeling of these YSOs is reported, leading to an estimation of the initial mass function in the aggregate of these clusters that approximates that found in the inner Galaxy, implying that the processes behind stellar mass distribution during star formation are not widely affected by the lower density and metallicity of the outer Galaxy.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/786/2
- Title:
- Spitzer photometric time series of HD 97658
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/786/2
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Super-Earths transiting nearby bright stars are key objects that simultaneously allow for accurate measurements of both their mass and radius, providing essential constraints on their internal composition. We present here the confirmation, based on Spitzer transit observations, that the super-Earth HD 97658 b transits its host star. HD 97658 is a low-mass (M_*_=0.77+/-0.05 M_{sun}_) K1 dwarf, as determined from the Hipparcos parallax and stellar evolution modeling. To constrain the planet parameters, we carry out Bayesian global analyses of Keck-High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (Keck-HIRES) radial velocities and Microvariability and Oscillations of STars (MOST) and Spitzer photometry. HD 97658 b is a massive (M_p_=7.55_-0.79_^+0.83^ M_{earth}_) and large (R_p_=2.247_0.095_^+0.098^ R_{earth}_ at 4.5 {mu}m) super-Earth. We investigate the possible internal compositions for HD 97658 b. Our results indicate a large rocky component, of at least 60% by mass, and very little H-He components, at most 2% by mass. We also discuss how future asteroseismic observations can improve the knowledge of the HD 97658 system, in particular by constraining its age. Orbiting a bright host star, HD 97658 b will be a key target for upcoming space missions such as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), the Characterizing Exoplanet Satellite (CHEOPS), the Planetary Transits and Oscillations of stars (PLATO), and the James Webb Space Telescope to characterize thoroughly its structure and atmosphere.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/654/338
- Title:
- Spitzer photometry in W3 molecular cloud
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/654/338
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present new images of the giant molecular cloud W3 obtained with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) and the Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer (MIPS) on board the Spitzer Space Telescope. The images encompass the star forming regions W3 Main, W3(OH), and a region that we refer to as the Central Cluster, which encloses the emission nebula IC 1795. We present a star count analysis of the point sources detected in W3. The star count analysis shows that the stellar population of the Central Cluster, when compared to that in the background, contains an over density of sources. The Central Cluster also contains an excess of sources with colors consistent with Class II young stellar objects (YSOs). An analysis of the color-color diagrams also reveals a large number of Class II YSOs in the Central Cluster. Our results suggest that an earlier epoch of star formation created the Central Cluster, created a cavity, and triggered the active star formation in the W3 Main and W3(OH) regions. We also detect a new outflow and its candidate exciting star.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/389/1150
- Title:
- Spitzer photometry of globulars in 2 galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/389/1150
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Spitzer IR Array Camera (IRAC) mid-infrared photometry is presented for the globular cluster (GC) systems of the NGC 5128 ('Centaurus A') and NGC 4594 ('Sombrero') galaxies. Existing optical photometric and spectroscopic are combined with this new data in a comprehensive optical-to-mid-IR colour catalogue of 260 GCs. Empirical colour-metallicity relationships are derived for all optical-to-mid-IR colour combinations.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/743/76
- Title:
- Spitzer photometry of LMC Cepheids
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/743/76
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Carnegie Hubble Program is designed to improve the extragalactic distance scale using data from the post-cryogenic era of Spitzer. The ultimate goal is a determination of the Hubble constant to an accuracy of 2%. This paper is the first in a series on the Cepheid population of the Large Magellanic Cloud, and focusses on the period-luminosity (PL) relations (Leavitt laws) that will be used, in conjunction with observations of Milky Way Cepheids, to set the slope and zero point of the Cepheid distance scale in the mid-infrared. To this end, we have obtained uniformly sampled light curves for 85 LMC Cepheids, having periods between 6 and 140 days. PL and period-color relations are presented in the 3.6um and 4.5um bands. We demonstrate that the 3.6um band is a superb distance indicator. The cyclical variation of the [3.6]-[4.5] color has been measured for the first time. We attribute the amplitude and phase of the color curves to the dissociation and recombination of CO molecules in the Cepheid's atmosphere. The CO affects only the 4.5um flux making it a potential metallicity indicator.
17669. Spitzer photometry of M33
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/476/1161
- Title:
- Spitzer photometry of M33
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/476/1161
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Combining the relative vicinity of the Local Group spiral galaxy M33 with the Spitzer images, we investigate the properties of infrared (IR) emission sites and assess the reliability of the IR emission as a star formation tracer. The mid- and far-IR emission of M33 was obtained from IRAC and MIPS images from the Spitzer archive. We compared the photometric results for several samples of three known types of discrete sources (HII regions, supernovae remnants and planetary nebulae) with theoretical diagnostic diagrams, and derived the spectral energy distribution (from 3.6 to 24{mu}m) of each type of object. Moreover, we generated a catalogue of 24{mu}m sources and inferred their nature from the observed and theoretical colours of the known type sources. We estimated the star formation rate in M33 both globally and locally, from the IR emission and from the Halpha emission line.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/228/5
- Title:
- Spitzer photometry of ~1million stars in M31 & 15 gal.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/228/5
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present Spitzer IRAC 3.6-8{mu}m and Multiband Imaging Photometer 24{mu}m point-source catalogs for M31 and 15 other mostly large, star-forming galaxies at distances ~3.5-14Mpc, including M51, M83, M101, and NGC 6946. These catalogs contain ~1 million sources including ~859000 in M31 and ~116000 in the other galaxies. They were created following the procedures described in Khan et al. (2015, J/ApJS/219/42) through a combination of point-spread function (PSF) fitting and aperture photometry. These data products constitute a resource to improve our understanding of the IR-bright (3.6-24{mu}m) point-source populations in crowded extragalactic stellar fields and to plan observations with the James Webb Space Telescope.