- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/640/A128
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 association NIR light curves
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/640/A128
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a J, H, and K photometric variability survey of the central 0.78 square degrees of the young OB association Cygnus OB2. We used data observed with the Wide-Field CAMera at the United Kingdom Infrared Telescope in 2007 (spanning 217 days) to investigate the light curves of 5083 low mass candidate members in the association and explore the occurrence and main characteristics of their near-infrared variability. We identified 2529 stars (~50% of the sample) with significant variability with time-scales ranging from days to months. We classified the variable stars into the following three groups according to their light curve morphology: periodic variability (1697 stars), occultation variability (124 stars), and other types of variability (726 stars). We verified that the disk-bearing stars in our sample are significantly more variable in the near-infrared than diskless stars, with a steep increase in the disk-fraction among stars with higher variability amplitude. We investigated the trajectories described by variable stars in the color-space and measured slopes for 335 stars describing linear trajectories. Based on the trajectories in the color-space, we inferred that the sample analyzed is composed of a mix of young stars presenting variability due to hot and cold spots, extinction by circumstellar material, and changes in the disk emission in the near-infrared. We contemplated using the use of near- infrared variability to identify disk-bearing stars and verified that 53.4% of the known disk-bearing stars in our sample could have been identified as such based solely on their variability. We present 18 newly identified disk- bearing stars and 14 eclipsing binary candidates among CygOB2 lower-mass members.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/465/3879
- Title:
- Cygnus OB1 association stars radial velocities
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/465/3879
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The main objective of this study is the characterization of the velocity field in the Cygnus OB1 association using the radial velocity data currently available in the literature. This association is part of a larger star-forming complex located in the direction of the Cygnus region, but whose main subsystems may be distributed at different distances from the sun. We have collected radial velocity data for more than 300 stars in the area of 5x5 square degrees centred on the Cygnus OB1 association. We present the results of a kinematic clustering analysis in the subspace of the phase space formed by angular coordinates and radial velocity using two independent methodologies. We have found evidence of structure in the phase space with the detection of two main groups, corresponding to different radial velocity and distance values, belonging to the association, and associated with two main shells defined by the Halpha emission. A third grouping well separated from the other two in velocity appears to occupy the whole region associated with what has been called "common shell".
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/460/2593
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 DANCe: Proper motion study
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/460/2593
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a high-precision proper motion study of 873 X-ray and spectroscopically selected stars in the massive OB association Cygnus OB2 as part of the DANCe project. These were calculated from images spanning a 15-year baseline and have typical precisions <1mas/yr. We calculate the velocity dispersion in the two axes to be 13.0^+0.8^_-0.7_ and 9.1^+0.5^_-0.5_km/s, using a 2-component, 2-dimensional model that takes into account the uncertainties on the measurements. This gives a 3-dimensional velocity dispersion of 17.8+/-0.6km/s implying a virial mass significantly larger than the observed stellar mass, confirming that the association is gravitationally unbound. The association appears to be dynamically unevolved, as evidenced by considerable kinematic substructure, non-isotropic velocity dispersions and a lack of energy equipartition. The proper motions show no evidence for a global expansion pattern, with approximately the same amount of kinetic energy in expansion as there is in contraction, which argues against the association being an expanded star cluster disrupted by process such as residual gas expulsion or tidal heating. The kinematic substructures, which appear to be close to virial equilibrium and have typical masses of 40-400M_{sun}_, also do not appear to have been affected by the expulsion of the residual gas. We conclude that Cyg OB2 was most likely born highly substructured and globally unbound, with the individual subgroups born in (or close to) virial equilibrium, and that the OB association has not experienced significant dynamical evolution since then.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/637/A64
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 e-MERLIN 21cm survey (COBRaS)
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/637/A64
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The role of massive stars is central to an understanding of galactic ecology. It is important to establish the details of how massive stars provide radiative, chemical, and mechanical feedback in galaxies. Central to these issues is an understanding of the evolution of massive stars, and the critical role of mass loss via strongly structured winds and stellar binarity. Ultimately, and acting collectively, massive stellar clusters shape the structure and energetics of galaxies. We aim to conduct high-resolution, deep field mapping at 21cm of the core of the massive Cygnus OB2 association and to characterise the properties of the massive stars and colliding winds at this waveband. We used seven stations of the e-MERLIN radio facility, with its upgraded bandwidth and enhanced sensitivity to conduct a 21cm census of Cygnus OB2. Based on 42 hours of observations, seven overlapping pointings were employed over multiple epochs during 2014 resulting in 1{sigma} sensitivities down to ~21{mu}Jy and a resolution of ~180mas. A total of 61 sources are detected at 21cm over a ~0.48{deg}x0.48{deg} region centred on the heart of the Cyg OB2 association. Of these 61 sources, 33 are detected for the first time. We detect a number of previously identified sources including four massive stellar binary systems, two YSOs, and several known X-ray and radio sources. We also detect the LBV candidate (possible binary system) and blue hypergiant star of Cyg OB2 #12. The 21cm observations secured in the COBRaS Legacy project provide data to constrain conditions in the outer wind regions of massive stars; determine the non-thermal properties of massive interacting binaries; examine evidence for transient sources, including those associated with young stellar objects; and provide unidentified sources that merit follow-up observations. The 21cm data are of lasting value and will serve in combination with other key surveys of Cyg OB2, including Chandra and Spitzer.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/550/A27
- Title:
- Cygnus OB1-OB4 O stars radial velocities
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/550/A27
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Establishing the multiplicity of O-type stars is the first step towards accurately determining their stellar parameters. Moreover, the distribution of the orbital parameters provides observational clues to the way that O-type stars form and to the interactions during their evolution. Our objective is to constrain the multiplicity of a sample of O-type stars belonging to poorly investigated OB associations in the Cygnus complex and for the first time to provide orbital parameters for binaries identified in our sample. Such information is relevant to addressing the issue of the binarity in the context of O-type star formation scenarios.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/642/A168
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 O stars spectroscopic analysis
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/642/A168
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Cygnus OB2 provides a unique insight into the high-mass stellar content in one of the largest groups of young massive stars in our Galaxy. Although several studies of its massive population have been carried out over the last decades, an extensive spectroscopic study of the whole known O-star population in the association is still lacking. In this work, we created the most complete spectroscopic census of O stars carried out so far in Cygnus OB2 using already existing and new spectroscopy. We present the spectra for 78 O-type stars, from which we identify new binary systems, obtain the distribution of rotational velocities, and determine the main stellar parameters for all the stars in the region that have not been detected as double-line spectroscopic binaries. We also derive radii, luminosities, and masses for those stars with reliable Gaia astrometry, in addition to creating the Hertzsprung- Russell Diagram to interpret the evolutionary status of the association. This work has shown the improvement reached when using accurate spectroscopic parameters and astrometry for the interpretation of the evolutionary status of a population, revealing, in the case of Cygnus OB2, at least two star-forming bursts at ~3 and ~5Myr. We find an apparent deficit of very fast rotators in the distribution of rotational velocities. The inspection of the dynamical distribution of the sample has allowed us to identify nine O stars with peculiar proper motions and discuss a possible dynamical ejection scenario or past supernova explosions in the region.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/472/557
- Title:
- Cygnus OB2 region 610MHz sources
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/472/557
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The modern generation of Cherenkov telescopes has revealed a new population of gamma-ray sources in the Galaxy. Some of them have been identified with previously known X-ray binary systems while other remain without clear counterparts a lower energies. Our initial goal here was reporting on extensive radio observations of the first extended and yet unidentified source, namely TeV J2032+4130. This object was originally detected by the HEGRA telescope in the direction of the Cygnus OB2 region and its nature has been a matter of debate during the latest years. The situation has become more complex with the Whipple and MILAGRO telescopes new TeV detections in the same field which could be consistent with the historic HEGRA source, although a different origin cannot be ruled out. We aim to pursue our radio exploration of the TeV J2032+4130 position that we initiated in a previous paper but taking now into account the latest results from new Whipple and MILAGRO TeV telescopes. The data presented here are an extended follow up of our previous work.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/570/A1
- Title:
- Cygnus-X CO and SiO outflows datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/570/A1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results from a PdBI study of six massive dense cores in Cygnus-X, with CO (2-1) and SiO (2-1) emission. We studied the outflows of the individual protostars with CO (Duarte-Cabral et al., 2013A&A...558A.125D), and investigated the interstellar shocks responsible for the SiO emission (in Duarte-Cabral et al. 2014A&A...570A...1D).
4149. Cygnus X-3 IR spectra
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/308/473
- Title:
- Cygnus X-3 IR spectra
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/308/473
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present four epochs, A, B, C and D, of resolution ({lambda}/{delta}{lambda}) = 1200, 2.12 micron spectroscopy of the peculiar X-ray binary Cygnus X-3. About a half dozen spectra taken with resolution 900, and at 1.62 micron are also included. These data were obtained using the FSpec near-infrared spectrometer (Williams, D., Thompson, C.L., Rieke, G.H., Montgomery, E. 1993, Proc. SPIE 1308, 482) on the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT). The MMT is located at an elevation of 2600 m at the top of Mt. Hopkins in southern Arizona and is jointly operated by the Smithsonian Astrophysics Observatory and the University of Arizona. The spectra are stored as ascii files, listing wavelength in Angstroms and relative flux. Each file contains a five line header, giving the UT, Heliocentric Julian date and phase of the X-ray system at the start of the integration, followed by the data points. Additional information about the spectra can be obtained in the paper.
4150. Cyg OB2 XMM observations
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/536/A31
- Title:
- Cyg OB2 XMM observations
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/536/A31
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Cyg OB2 is one of the most massive associations of O-type stars in our Galaxy. Despite the large interstellar reddening towards Cyg OB2, many studies, spanning a wide range of wavelengths, have been conducted to more clearly understand this association. X-ray observations provide a powerful tool to overcome the effect of interstellar absorption and study the most energetic processes associated with the stars in Cyg OB2. We analyse XMM-Newton data to investigate the X-ray and UV properties of massive O-type stars as well as low-mass pre-main sequence stars in Cyg OB2.