- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/878/71
- Title:
- ULXs with multiepoch Spitzer/IRAC obs.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/878/71
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a mid-infrared (IR) sample study of nearby ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) using multiepoch observations with the Infrared Array Camera (IRAC) on the Spitzer Space Telescope. Spitzer/IRAC observations taken after 2014 were obtained as part of the Spitzer Infrared Intensive Transients Survey. Our sample includes 96 ULXs located within 10 Mpc. Of the 96 ULXs, 12 have candidate counterparts consistent with absolute mid-IR magnitudes of supergiants, and 16 counterparts exceeded the mid-IR brightness of single supergiants and are thus more consistent with star clusters or non-ULX background active galactic nuclei. The supergiant candidate counterparts exhibit a bimodal color distribution in a Spitzer/IRAC color-magnitude diagram, where "red" and "'blue" ULXs fall in IRAC colors [3.6]-[4.5]~0.7 and [3.6]-[4.5]~0.0, respectively. The mid-IR colors and absolute magnitudes of four "red" and five "blue" ULXs are consistent with those of supergiant B[e] (sgB[e]) and red supergiant (RSG) stars, respectively. Although "blue," RSG-like mid-IR ULX counterparts likely host RSG mass donors; we propose that "red" counterparts are ULXs exhibiting the "B[e] phenomenon" rather than hosts of sgB[e] mass donors. We show that the mid-IR excess from the "red" ULXs is likely due to thermal emission from circumstellar or circumbinary dust. Using dust as a probe for total mass, we estimate mass-loss rates of dM/dt~1x10^-4^M_{sun}_/yr in dust-forming outflows of red ULXs. Based on the transient mid-IR behavior and its relatively flat spectral index, {alpha}=-0.19+/-0.1, we suggest that the mid-IR emission from Holmberg IX X-1 originates from a variable jet.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/446/3199
- Title:
- 24um fluxes of GOODS-S AGN
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/446/3199
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a study of galaxies showing mid-infrared variability in data taken in the deepest Spitzer/MIPS 24{mu}m surveys in the Great Observatory Origins Deep Survey South field. We divide the data set in epochs and subepochs to study the long-term (months-years) and the short-term (days) variability. We use a {chi}^2^-statistics method to select active galactic nucleus (AGN) candidates with a probability <=1% that the observed variability is due to statistical errors alone. We find 39 (1.7% of the parent sample) sources that show long-term variability and 55 (2.2% of the parent sample) showing short-term variability. That is, 0.03sources/arcmin^2^ for both, long-term and short-term variable sources. After removing the expected number of false positives inherent to the method, the estimated percentages are 1.0 and 1.4% of the parent sample for the long term and short term, respectively. We compare our candidates with AGN selected in the X-ray and radio bands, and AGN candidates selected by their IR emission. Approximately, 50% of the MIPS (Multiband Imaging Photometer for Spitzer) 24{mu}m variable sources would be identified as AGN with these other methods. Therefore, MIPS 24{mu}m variability is a new method to identify AGN candidates, possibly dust obscured and low-luminosity AGN, that might be missed by other methods. However, the contribution of the MIPS 24{mu}m variable identified AGN to the general AGN population is small (<=13%) in GOODS-South.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/693/370
- Title:
- 24um flux-limited sample of galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/693/370
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The mid-infrared spectroscopic analysis of a flux-limited sample of galaxies with f_{nu}_(24um)>10mJy is presented. Sources observed are taken from the Spitzer First Look Survey (FLS) catalog and from the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey region in Bootes (NDWFS). The spectroscopic sample includes 60 of the 100 sources in these combined catalogs having f_{nu}_(24um)>10 mJy. New spectra from the Spitzer Infrared Spectrograph are presented for 25 FLS sources and for 11 Bootes active galactic nuclei (AGNs); these are combined with 24 Bootes starburst galaxies previously published to determine the distribution of mid-infrared spectral characteristics for the total 10mJy sample. Sources have 0.01<z<2.4 and 41.8<log{nu}L_{nu}_(15um)<46.2(ergs/s).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/587/A1
- Title:
- 11.5um image of NGC 835
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/587/A1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Obscured active galactic nuclei (AGNs) are thought to be very common in the Universe. Observations and surveys have shown that the number of sources increases for near galaxies and at the low-luminosity regime (the so-called LLAGNs). Furthermore, many AGNs show changes in their obscuration properties at X-rays that may suggest a configuration of clouds very close to the accretion disk. However, these variations could also be due to changes in the intrinsic continuum of the source. It is therefore important to study nearby AGN to better understand the locus and distribution of clouds in the neighbourhood of the nucleus. We aim to study the nuclear obscuration of LLAGN NGC 835 and its extended emission using mid-infrared observations. We present sub-arcsecond-resolution mid-infrared 11.5um imaging of the LLAGN galaxy NGC 835 obtained with the instrument CanariCam in the Gran Telescopio CANARIAS (GTC), archival Spitzer/IRS spectroscopy, and archival Chandra data observed in 2000, 2008, and 2013.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/870/104
- Title:
- 1-500um obs. of nearby luminous IR galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/870/104
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The interstellar medium is a key ingredient that governs star formation in galaxies. We present a detailed study of the infrared (~1-500{mu}m) spectral energy distributions of a large sample of 193 nearby (z~<0.088) luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) covering a wide range of evolutionary stages along the merger sequence. The entire sample has been observed uniformly by 2MASS, WISE, Spitzer, and Herschel. We perform a multicomponent decomposition of the spectra to derive physical parameters of the interstellar medium, including the intensity of the interstellar radiation field and the mass and luminosity of the dust. We also constrain the presence and strength of nuclear dust heated by active galactic nuclei. The radiation field of LIRGs tends to have much higher intensity than that of quiescent galaxies, and it increases toward advanced merger stages as a result of the central concentration of the interstellar medium and star formation. The total gas mass is derived from the dust mass and the galaxy stellar mass. We find that the gas fraction of LIRGs is on average ~0.3 dex higher than that of main-sequence star-forming galaxies, rising moderately toward advanced merger stages. All LIRGs have star formation rates that place them above the galaxy star formation main sequence. Consistent with recent observations and numerical simulations, the global star formation efficiency of the sample spans a wide range, filling the gap between normal star-forming galaxies and extreme starburst systems.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/653/127
- Title:
- 9.7um silicate features in AGNs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/653/127
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We describe observations of 9.7um silicate features in 97 AGNs, exhibiting a wide range of AGN types and of X-ray extinction toward the central nuclei. We find that the strength of the silicate feature correlates with the HI column density estimated from fitting the X-ray data, such that low HI columns correspond to silicate emission, while high columns correspond to silicate absorption. The behavior is generally consistent with unification models in which the large diversity in AGN properties is caused by viewing-angle-dependent obscuration of the nucleus. Radio-loud AGNs and radio-quiet quasars follow roughly the correlation between HI columns and the strength of the silicate feature defined by Seyfert galaxies. The agreement among AGN types suggests a high-level unification with similar characteristics for the structure of the obscuring material. We demonstrate the implications for unification models qualitatively with a conceptual disk model. The model includes an inner accretion disk (<0.1pc in radius), a middle disk (0.110pc in radius) with a dense diffuse component and with embedded denser clouds, and an outer clumpy disk (10-300pc in radius).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/127/646
- Title:
- Unbiased census of AGN in 2MASS
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/127/646
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an unbiased near-IR-selected AGN sample, covering 12.56deg^2^ down to Ks~15.5, selected from the Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS). Our only selection effect is a moderate color cut (J-Ks>1.2) designed to reduce contamination from Galactic stars. We observed both pointlike and extended sources.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/798/54
- Title:
- "Under-massive" black hole candidates
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/798/54
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Several recent papers have reported on the occurrence of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) containing undermassive black holes relative to a linear scaling relation between black hole mass (M_bh_) and host spheroid stellar mass (M_sph,*_). However, dramatic revisions to the M_bh_-M_sph,*_ and M_bh_-L_sph_ relations, based on samples containing predominantly inactive galaxies, have recently identified a new steeper relation at M_bh_<~(2-10)x10^8^M_{sun}_, roughly corresponding to M_sph,*_<~(0.3-1)x10^11^M_{sun}_. We show that this steeper, quadratic-like M_bh_-M_sph,*_ relation defined by the Sersic galaxies, i.e., galaxies without partially depleted cores, roughly tracks the apparent offset of the AGN having 10^5^<~M_bh_/M_{sun}_<~0.5x10^8^. That is, these AGNs are not randomly offset with low black hole masses, but also follow a steeper (nonlinear) relation. As noted by Busch et al. (2014, J/A+A/561/A140), confirmation or rejection of a possible AGN offset from the steeper M_bh_-M _sph,*_ relation defined by the Sersic galaxies will benefit from improved stellar mass-to-light ratios for the spheroids hosting these AGNs. Several implications for formation theories are noted. Furthermore, reasons for possible under- and overmassive black holes, the potential existence of intermediate mass black holes (<10^5^M_{sun}_), and the new steep (black hole)-(nuclear star cluster) relation, M_bh_{propto}M_nc_^2.7+/-0.7^, are also discussed.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/207/4
- Title:
- Unidentified {gamma}-ray sources. III. Radio
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/207/4
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- About one-third of the {gamma}-ray sources listed in the second Fermi Large Area Telescope catalog (2FGL) have no firmly established counterpart at lower energies and so are classified as unidentified {gamma}-ray sources (UGSs). Here, we propose a new approach to find candidate counterparts for the UGSs based on the 325 MHz radio survey performed with the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope in the northern hemisphere. First, we investigate the low-frequency radio properties of blazars, the largest known population of {gamma}-ray sources; then we search for sources with similar radio properties combining the information derived from the Westerbork Northern Sky Survey (WENSS, Rengelink et al. 1997, Cat. J/A+AS/124/259; superseded by Cat. VIII/62) with those of the NRAO Very Large Array Sky Survey (NVSS, Condon et al. 1998, Cat. VIII/65). We present a list of candidate counterparts for 32 UGSs with at least one counterpart in the WENSS. We also performed an extensive research in the literature to look for infrared and optical counterparts of the {gamma}-ray blazar candidates selected using the low-frequency radio observations to confirm their nature. On the basis of our multifrequency research, we identify 23 new {gamma}-ray blazar candidates out of the 32 UGSs investigated. Comparison with previous results on the UGSs is also presented. Finally, we speculate on the advantages of using low-frequency radio observations to associate UGSs and to search for {gamma}-ray pulsar candidates.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/660/1072
- Title:
- Unified model of active galactic nuclei
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/660/1072
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We assemble a sample composed of 243 nearby Seyfert galaxies with redshifts z<=0.05 to test the unification scheme. The sample contains 94 broad emission line Seyfert 1 galaxies (BLS1s), 44 narrow emission line Seyfert 1s (NLS1s), 36 X-ray-absorbed hidden broad line region Seyfert 2s (HBLR S2s), 42 X-ray-absorbed non-HBLR S2s, and 27 X-ray-unabsorbed Seyfert 2s (unabsorbed non-HBLR S2s and HBLR S2s). We find that (1) NLS1s have less massive black hole masses than BLS1s, (2) HBLR S2s have the same mass distribution of black holes as BLS1s, (3) absorbed non-HBLR S2s have less massive black holes than HBLR S2s, and (4) unabsorbed non-HBLR S2s have the most massive black holes.