- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/617/A77
- Title:
- Orion Bar Herschel/PACS CO maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/617/A77
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- With Herschel, we can for the first time observe a wealth of high-J CO lines in the interstellar medium with a high angular resolution. These lines are specifically useful for tracing the warm and dense gas and are therefore very appropriate for a study of strongly irradiated dense photodissocation regions (PDRs). We characterize the morphology of CO J=19-18 emission and study the high-J CO excitation in a highly UV-irradiated prototypical PDR, the Orion Bar. We used fully sampled maps of CO J=19-18 emission with the Photoconductor Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) on board the Herschel Space Observatory over an area of ~110"x110" with an angular resolution of 9". We studied the morphology of this high-J CO line in the Orion Bar and in the region in front and behind the Bar, and compared it with lower-J lines of CO from J=5-4 to J=13-12 and ^13^CO from J=5-4 to J=11-10 emission observed with the Herschel Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE). In addition, we compared the high-J CO to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) emission and vibrationally excited H_2_. We used the CO and ^13^CO observations and the RADEX model to derive the physical conditions in the warm molecular gas layers.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/640/A13
- Title:
- Par-Lup3-4 CO ALMA images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/640/A13
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Very low-mass stars are known to have jets and outflows, which is indicative of a scaled-down version of low-mass star formation. However, only very few outflows in very low-mass sources are well characterized. We characterize the bipolar molecular outflow of the very low-mass star Par-Lup3-4, a 0.12M_{sun}_ object known to power an optical jet. We observed Par-Lup3-4 with ALMA in Bands 6 and 7, detecting both the continuum and CO molecular gas. In particular, we studied three main emission lines: CO(2-1), CO(3-2), and ^13^CO(3-2). Our observations reveal for the first time the base of a bipolar molecular outflow in a very low-mass star, as well as a stream of material moving perpendicular to the primary outflow of this source. The primary outflow morphology is consistent with the previously determined jet orientation and disk inclination. The outflow mass is 9.5x10^-7^M_{sun}_, with an outflow rate of 4.3x10^-9^M_{sun}_/yr. A new fitting to the spectral energy distribution suggests that Par-Lup3-4 may be a binary system. We have characterized Par-Lup3-4 in detail, and its properties are consistent with those reported in other very low-mass sources. This source provides further evidence that very low-mass sources form as a scaled-down version of low-mass stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/632/A58
- Title:
- Physical properties of CHIMPS clumps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/632/A58
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The latest generation of high-angular-resolution unbiased Galactic plane surveys in molecular-gas tracers are enabling the interiors of molecular clouds to be studied across a range of environments. The CO Heterodyne Inner Milky Way Plane Survey (CHIMPS) simultaneously mapped a sector of the inner Galactic plane, within 27.8<l<46.2{deg} and |b|<0.5{deg}, in ^13^CO (3-2) and C^18^O (3-2) at an angular resolution of 15 arcsec. The combination of the CHIMPS data with ^12^CO (3-2) data from the CO High Resolution Survey (COHRS) has enabled us to perform a voxel-by-voxel local-thermodynamic-equilibrium (LTE) analysis, determining the excitation temperature, optical depth, and column density of ^13^CO at each l,b,v position. Distances to discrete sources identified by FellWalker in the ^13^CO (3-2) emission maps were determined, allowing the calculation of numerous physical properties of the sources, and we present the first source catalogues in this paper. We find that, in terms of size and density, the CHIMPS sources represent an intermediate population between large-scale molecular clouds identified by CO and dense clumps seen in thermal dust continuum emission, and therefore represent the bulk transition from the diffuse to the dense phase of molecular gas. We do not find any significant systematic variations in the masses, column densities, virial parameters, mean excitation temperature, or the turbulent pressure over the range of Galactocentric distance probed, but we do find a shallow increase in the mean volume density with increasing Galactocentric distance. We find that inter-arm clumps have significantly narrower linewidths, and lower virial parameters and excitation temperatures than clumps located in spiral arms. When considering the most reliable distance-limited subsamples, the largest variations occur on the clump-to-clump scale, echoing similar recent studies that suggest that the star-forming process is largely insensitive to the Galactic-scale environment, at least within the inner disc.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/614/A42
- Title:
- PKS B1718-649 ALMA observations
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/614/A42
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present ALMA observations of the ^12^CO (2-1) line of the newly born (t_radio_~10^2^years) active galactic nucleus (AGN), PKS B1718-649. These observations reveal that the carbon monoxide in the innermost 15 kpc of the galaxy is distributed in a complex warped disk. In the outer parts of this disk, the CO gas follows the rotation of the dust lane and of the stellar body of the galaxy hosting the radio source. In the innermost kiloparsec, the gas abruptly changes orientation and forms a circumnuclear disk (r<~700pc) with its major axis perpendicular to that of the outer disk. Against the compact radio emission of PKS B1718-649 (r~2pc), we detect an absorption line at red-shifted velocities with respect to the systemic velocity ({Delta}v=+365+/-22km/s). This absorbing CO gas could trace molecular clouds falling onto the central super-massive black hole. A comparison with the near-infra red H_2_ 1-0 S(1) observations shows that the clouds must be close to the black hole (r<~75pc). The physical conditions of these clouds are different from the gas at larger radii, and are in good agreement with the predictions for the conditions of the gas when cold chaotic accretion triggers an active galactic nucleus. These observations on the centre of PKS B1718-649 provide one of the best indications that a population of cold clouds is falling towards a radio AGN, likely fuelling its activity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/648/A93
- Title:
- 4 post-AGB stars datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/648/A93
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- There is a class of binary post-AGB stars with a remarkable near-infrared excess that are surrounded by Keplerian or quasi-Keplerian disks and extended outflows composed of gas escaping from the disk. The Keplerian dynamics had been well identified in four cases, namely the Red Rectangle, AC Her, IW Car, and IRAS 08544-4431. In these objects, the mass of the outflow represents ~10% of the nebular mass, the disk being the dominant component of the nebula. We aim to study the presence of rotating disks in sources of the same class in which the outflow seems to be the dominant component. We present interferometric NOEMA maps of ^12^CO and ^13^CO J=2-1 in 89 Her and ^12^CO J=2-1 in AC Her, IRAS 19125+0343, and R Sct. Several properties of the nebula are obtained from the data and model fitting, including the structure, density, and temperature distributions, as well as the dynamics. We also discuss the uncertainties on the derived values. The presence of an expanding component in AC Her is doubtful, but thanks to new maps and models, we estimate an upper limit to the mass of this outflow of <=3x10^-5^M^{sun}_, that is, the mass of the outflow is <=5% of the total nebular mass. For 89 Her, we find a total nebular mass of 1.4x10^-2^M_{sun}_, of which ~50% comes from an hourglass-shaped extended outflow. In the case of IRAS 19125+0343, the nebular mass is 1.1x10^-2^M_{sun}_, where the outflow contributes ~70% of the total mass. The nebular mass of R Sct is 3.2x10^-2^M_{sun}_, of which ~75% corresponds to a very extended outflow that surrounds the disk. Our results for IRAS 19125+0343 and R Sct lead us to introduce a new subclass of binary post-AGB stars, for which the outflow is the dominant component of the nebula. Moreover, the outflow mass fraction found in AC Her is smaller than those found in other disk-dominated binary post-AGB stars. 89 Her would represent an intermediate case between both subclasses.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/658/A17
- Title:
- Post-common-envelope PN and mol. mass
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/658/A17
- Date:
- 21 Mar 2022 09:39:31
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Most planetary nebulae (PNe) show beautiful, axisymmetric morphologies despite their progenitor stars being essentially spherical. Close binarity is widely invoked to help eject an axisymmetric nebula, after a brief phase of engulfment of the secondary within the envelope of the Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) star, known as the common envelope (CE). The evolution of the AGB would thus be interrupted abruptly, its still quite massive envelope being rapidly ejected to form the PN, which a priori would be more massive than a PN coming from the same star, were it single. We aim at testing this hypothesis by investigating the ionised and molecular masses of a sample consisting of 21 post-CE PNe, roughly one fifth of the known total population of these objects, and comparing them to a large sample of 'regular' (i.e. not known to arise from close-binary systems) PNe. We have gathered data on the ionised and molecular content of our sample from the literature, and carried out molecular observations of several previously unobserved objects. We derive the ionised and molecular masses of the sample by means of a systematic approach, using tabulated, dereddened H-beta fluxes for finding the ionised mass, and ^12^CO J=2-1 and J=3-2 observations for estimating the molecular mass. There is a general lack of molecular content in post-CE PNe. Our observations only reveal molecule-rich gas around NGC 6778, distributed into a low-mass, expanding equatorial ring lying beyond the ionised broken ring previously observed in this nebula. The only two other objects showing molecular content (from the literature) are NGC 2346 and NGC 7293. Once we derive the ionised and molecular masses, we find that post-CE PNe arising from Single-Degenerate (SD) systems are just as massive, on average, as the 'regular' PNe sample, whereas post-CE PNe arising from Double-Degenerate (DD) systems are considerably more massive, and show substantially larger linear momenta and kinetic energy than SD systems and `regular' PNe. Reconstruction of the CE of four objects, for which a wealth of data on the nebulae and complete orbital parameters are available, further suggests that the mass of SD nebulae actually amounts to a very small fraction of the envelope of their progenitor stars. This leads to the uncomfortable question of where the rest of the envelope is and why we cannot detect it in the stars' vicinity, thus raising serious doubts on our understanding of these intriguing objects.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/649/A164
- Title:
- Protoplanetary nebulae and young PN CO spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/649/A164
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Fast outflows and their interaction with slow shells (generally known as the fossil circumstellar envelope of asymptotic giant branch stars) play an important role in the structure and kinematics of protoplanetary and planetary nebulae (pPNe, PNe). To properly study their effects within these objects, we also need to observe the intermediate-temperature gas, which is only detectable in the far-infrared (FIR) and submillimetre (submm) transitions. We study the physical conditions of the outflows presented in a number of pPNe and PNe, with a focus on their temperature and excitation states. We carried out Herschel/HIFI observations in the submm lines of 12CO in nine pPNe and nine PNe and complemented them with low-J CO spectra obtained with the IRAM 30m telescope and taken from the literature. The spectral resolution of HIFI allows us to identify and measure the different nebular components in the line profiles. The comparison with large velocity gradient (LVG) model predictions was used to estimate the physical conditions of the warm gas in the nebulae, such as excitation conditions, temperature, and density. We found high kinetic temperatures for the fast winds of pPNe, typically reaching between 75K and 200K. In contrast, the high-velocity gas in the sampled PNe is colder, with characteristic temperatures between 25K and 75K, and it is found in a lower excitation state. We interpret this correlation of the kinetic temperature and excitation state of fast outflows with the amount of time elapsed since their acceleration (probably driven by shocks) as a consequence of the cooling that occurred during the pPN phase.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/657/L15
- Title:
- Q1700-MD94 CI(1-0) datacube with NOEMA
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/657/L15
- Date:
- 21 Mar 2022 09:37:17
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We use a combination of new NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA) observations of the pair of [CI] transitions, the CO(7-6) line, and the dust continuum, in addition to ancillary CO(1-0) and CO(3-2) data, to study the molecular gas properties of Q1700-MD94, a massive, main-sequence galaxy at z~2. We find that for a reasonable set of assumptions for a typical massive star-forming galaxy, the CO(1-0), the [CI](1-0) and the dust continuum yield molecular gas masses that are consistent within a factor of ~2. The global excitation properties of the molecular gas as traced by the [CI] and CO transitions are similar to those observed in other massive, star-forming galaxies at z~2. Our large velocity gradient (LVG) modeling using RADEX of the CO and [CI] spectral line energy distributions (SLEDs) suggests the presence of relatively warm (Tkin=41K), dense (n_H2_=8x10^3^cm^-3^) molecular gas, comparable to the high-excitation molecular gas component observed in main-sequence, star-forming galaxies at z~1. The galaxy size in the CO(1-0) and CO(7-6) line emission are comparable, which suggests that the highly-excited molecular gas is distributed throughout the disk powered by intense star formation activity. To confirm this scenario will require spatially resolved observations of the CO and [CI] lines which can now be obtained with NOEMA upgraded capabilities.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/602/A61
- Title:
- Radio spectra of globulettes in Carina nebula
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/602/A61
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Carina nebula hosts a large number of globulettes. An optical study of these tiny molecular clouds shows that the majority are of planetary mass, but there are also those with masses of several tens up to a few hundred Jupiter masses. We seek to search for, and hopefully detect, molecular line emission from some of the more massive objects; in case of successful detection we aim to map their motion in the Carina nebula complex and derive certain physical properties. Methods.We carried out radio observations of molecular line emission in ^12^CO and ^13^CO (2-1) and (3-2) of 12 globulettes in addition to positions in adjacent shell structures using APEX. All selected objects were detected with radial velocities shifted relative to the emission from related shell structures and background molecular clouds. Globulettes along the western part of an extended dust shell show a small spread in velocity with small velocity shifts relative to the shell. This system of globulettes and shell structures in the foreground of the bright nebulosity surrounding the cluster Trumpler 14 is expanding with a few km/s relative to the cluster. A couple of isolated globulettes in the area move at similar speed. Compared to similar studies of the molecular line emission from globulettes in the Rosette nebula, we find that the integrated line intensity ratios and line widths are very different. The results show that the Carina objects have a different density/temperature structure than those in the Rosette nebula. In comparison the apparent size of the Carina globulettes is smaller, owing to the larger distance, and the corresponding beam filling factors are small. For this reason we were unable to carry out a more detailed modelling of the structure of the Carina objects in the way as performed for the Rosette objects. The Carina globulettes observed are compact and denser than objects of similar mass in the Rosette nebula. The distribution and velocities of these globulettes suggest that they have originated from eroding shells and elephant trunks. Some globulettes in the Trumpler 14 region are quite isolated and located far from any shell structures. These objects move at a similar speed as the globulettes along the shell, suggesting that they once formed from cloud fragments related to the same foreground shell.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/592/A142
- Title:
- Reduced high-resolution HI and CO data cubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/592/A142
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Intermediate-velocity clouds (IVCs) are HI halo clouds that are likely related to a Galactic fountain process. In-falling IVCs are candidates for the re-accretion of matter onto the Milky Way. Aims. We study the evolution of IVCs at the disk-halo interface, focussing on the transition from atomic to molecular IVCs. We compare an atomic IVC to a molecular IVC and characterise their structural differences in order to investigate how molecular IVCs form high above the Galactic plane. With high-resolution HI observations of the Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope and ^12^CO(1-0) and ^13^CO(1-0) observations with the IRAM 30m telescope, we analyse the small-scale structures within the two clouds. By correlating HI and far-infrared (FIR) dust continuum emission from the Planck satellite, the distribution of molecular hydrogen (H_2_) is estimated. We conduct a detailed comparison of the HI, FIR, and CO data and study variations of the XCO conversion factor. The atomic IVC does not disclose detectable CO emission. The atomic small-scale structure, as revealed by the high-resolution HI data, shows low peak HI column densities and low HI fluxes as compared to the molecular IVC. The molecular IVC exhibits a rich molecular structure and most of the CO emission is observed at the eastern edge of the cloud. There is observational evidence that the molecular IVC is in a transient and, thus, non- equilibrium phase. The average XCO factor is close to the canonical value of the Milky Way disk. We propose that the two IVCs represent different states in a gradual transition from atomic to molecular clouds. The molecular IVC appears to be more condensed allowing the formation of H_2_ and CO in shielded regions all over the cloud. Ram pressure may accumulate gas and thus facilitate the formation of H_2_. We show evidence that the atomic IVC will evolve also into a molecular IVC in a few Myr.
