- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/252/20
- Title:
- CO survey of the CMa OB1 complex
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/252/20
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using the Purple Mountain Observatory 13.7m millimeter telescope at Delingha in China, we have conducted a large-scale simultaneous survey of ^12^CO, ^13^CO, and C^18^O (J=1-0) toward the CMa OB1 complex with a sky coverage of 16.5deg^2^ (221.5{deg}<=l<=227{deg}, -2.5{deg}<=b<=0.5{deg}). Emission from the CMa OB1 complex is found in the range 7km/s<=V_LSR_<=25km/s. The large-scale structure, physical properties, and chemical abundances of the molecular clouds are presented. A total of 83 C^18^O molecular clumps are identified with the GaussClumps algorithm within the mapped region. We find that 94% of these C18O molecular clumps are gravitationally bound. The relationship between their size and mass indicates that none of the C^18^O clumps has the potential to form high-mass stars. Using a semiautomatic IDL algorithm, we newly discover 85 CO outflow candidates in the mapped area, including 23 bipolar outflow candidates. Additionally, a comparative study reveals evidence for a significant variety of physical properties, evolutionary stages, and levels of star formation activity in different subregions of the CMa OB1 complex.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/642/A222
- Title:
- CS isotopes towards Galactic centre clouds
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/642/A222
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Measuring isotopic ratios is a sensitive technique to obtain information on stellar nucleosynthesis and chemical evolution. We present measurements of the carbon and sulphur abundances in the interstellar medium of the central region of our Galaxy. The selected targets are the +50km/s Cloud and several line-of-sight clouds towards Sgr B2(N). Towards the +50km/s Cloud, we observed the J=2-1 rotational transitions of ^12^C^32^S, ^12^C^34^S, ^13^C^32^S, ^12^C^33^S, and ^13^C^34^S, and the J=3-2 transitions of ^12^C^32^S and ^12^C^34^S with the IRAM-30m telescope, as well as the J=6-5 transitions of ^12^C^34^S and ^13^C^32^S with the APEX 12m telescope, all in emission. The J=2-1 rotational transitions of ^12^C^32^S, ^12^C^34^S, ^13^C^32^S, and ^13^C^34^S were observed with ALMA in Sgr B2(N)'s envelope, with those of ^12^C^32^S and ^12^C^34^S also observed in the line-of-sight clouds towards Sgr B2(N), all in absorption. In the +50km/s Cloud, we derive a ^12^C/^13^C isotopic ratio of 22.1^+3.3^_-2.4_, that leads, with the measured ^13^C^32^S/^12^C^34^S line intensity ratio, to a ^32^S/^34^S ratio of 16.3^+3.0^_-2.4_. We have also derived the ^32^S/^34^S isotopic ratio more directly from the two isotopologues ^13^C^32^S and ^13^C^34^S, which leads to an independent ^32^S/^34^S estimation of 16.3^+2.1^_-1.7_ and 17.9+/-5.0 for the +50km/s Cloud and Sgr B2(N), respectively. We also obtain a ^34^S/^33^S ratio of 4.3+/-0.2 in the +50km/s Cloud. Previous studies observed a decreasing trend in the ^32^S/^34^S isotopic ratios when approaching the Galactic centre. Our result indicates a termination of this tendency at least at a galactocentric distance of 130^+60^_-30_pc. This is at variance with findings based on ^12^C/^13^C, ^14^N/^15^N and ^18^O/^17^O isotope ratios, where the above-mentioned trend is observed to continue right to the central molecular zone. This can indicate a drop in the production of massive stars at the Galactic centre, in the same line as recent metallicity gradient ([Fe/H]) studies, and opens the work towards a comparison with Galactic and stellar evolution models.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/724/994
- Title:
- Cyano- to methanol and ammonia observations
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/724/994
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- As part of an effort to study gas-grain chemical models in star-forming regions as they relate to molecules containing cyanide (-C{\equiv}N) groups, we present here a search for the molecules 2-cyanoethanol (OHCH_2_CH_2_CN) and methoxyacetonitrile (CH_3_OCH_2_CN) in the galactic center region SgrB2. These species are structural isomers of each other and are targeted to investigate the cross-coupling of pathways emanating from the photolysis products of methanol and ammonia with pathways involving cyano-containing molecules. Methanol and ammonia ices are two of the main repositories of the elements C, O, and N in cold clouds and understanding their link to cyanide chemistry could give important insights into prebiotic molecular evolution. Neither species was positively detected, but the upper limits we determined allow comparison to the general patterns gleaned from chemical models. Our results indicate the need for an expansion of the model networks to better deal with cyano-chemistry, in particular with respect to pathways including products of methanol photolysis. In addition to these results, the two main observational routes for detecting new interstellar molecules are discussed.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/570/A1
- Title:
- Cygnus-X CO and SiO outflows datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/570/A1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results from a PdBI study of six massive dense cores in Cygnus-X, with CO (2-1) and SiO (2-1) emission. We studied the outflows of the individual protostars with CO (Duarte-Cabral et al., 2013A&A...558A.125D), and investigated the interstellar shocks responsible for the SiO emission (in Duarte-Cabral et al. 2014A&A...570A...1D).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/838/152
- Title:
- Deep NIR spectrum of the Orion Bar PDR
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/838/152
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a deep near-infrared spectrum of the Orion Bar Photodissociation Region (PDR) taken with the Immersion Grating INfrared Spectrometer (IGRINS) on the 2.7m telescope at the McDonald Observatory. IGRINS has high spectral resolution (R~45000) and instantaneous broad wavelength coverage (1.45-2.45{mu}m), enabling us to detect 87 emission lines from rovibrationally excited molecular hydrogen (H_2_) that arise from transitions out of 69 upper rovibration levels of the electronic ground state. These levels cover a large range of rotational and vibrational quantum numbers and excitation energies, making them excellent probes of the excitation mechanisms of H_2_ and physical conditions within the PDR. The Orion Bar PDR is thought to consist of cooler high density clumps or filaments (T=50-250K, n_H_=10^5^-10^7^cm^-3^) embedded in a warmer lower density medium (T=250-1000K, n_H_=10^4^-10^5^cm^-3^). We fit a grid of constant temperature and density Cloudy models, which recreate the observed H_2_ level populations well, to constrain the temperature to a range of 600-650 K and the density to n_H_=2.5x10^3^-10^4^cm^-3^. The best-fit model gives T=625K and n_H_=5x10^3^cm^-3^. This well-constrained warm temperature is consistent with kinetic temperatures found by other studies for the Orion Bar's lower density medium. However, the range of densities well fit by the model grid is marginally lower than those reported by other studies. We could be observing lower density gas than the surrounding medium, or perhaps a density-sensitive parameter in our models is not properly estimated.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/725/2232
- Title:
- Deep NIR survey of the Pipe Nebula. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/725/2232
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a new set of high-resolution dust extinction maps of the nearby and essentially starless Pipe Nebula molecular cloud. The maps were constructed from a concerted deep near-infrared imaging survey with the ESO-VLT, ESO-NTT, CAHA 3.5m telescopes, and 2MASS data. The new maps have a resolution three times higher than the previous extinction map of this cloud by Lombardi et al. (2006A&A...454..781L) and are able to resolve structures down to 2600AU. We detect 244 significant extinction peaks across the cloud. These peaks have masses between 0.1 and 18.4M_{sun}_, diameters between 1.2 and 5.7x10^4^AU (0.06 and 0.28pc), and mean densities of about 10^4^cm^-3^, all in good agreement with previous results. From the analysis of the mean surface density of companions we find a well-defined scale near 1.4x10^4^AU below which we detect a significant decrease in structure of the cloud. This scale is smaller than the Jeans length calculated from the mean density of the peaks. The surface density of peaks is not uniform but instead it displays clustering. Extinction peaks in the Pipe Nebula appear to have a spatial distribution similar to the stars in Taurus, suggesting that the spatial distribution of stars evolves directly from the primordial spatial distribution of high-density material.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/619/A52
- Title:
- Dense cores and YSOs in Lupus complex
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/619/A52
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the catalogue of the dense cores and YSOs/protostars of the Lupus I, Lupus III, and Lupus IV molecular clouds. Sources were extracted from the far-infrared photometric maps at 70, 160, 250, 350 and 500um acquired with the Spectral and Photometric Imaging Receiver (SPIRE) and the Photodetector Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) instruments onboard the Herschel Space Observatory, within the Herschel Gould Belt Survey project. A total of 532 dense cores, out of which 103 are presumably prestellar in nature, and 38 YSOs/protostars have been detected in the three clouds. The physical properties of the objects were derived by fitting their spectral energy distributions. Almost all the prestellar cores are associated with filaments against only about one third of the unbound cores and YSOs/ protostars. Prestellar core candidates are found even in filaments that are on average thermally sub-critical and over a background column density lower than that measured in other star forming regions so far. The core mass function of the prestellar cores peaks between 0.2 and 0.3 solar masses and it is compatible with the log-normal shape found in other regions. Herschel data reveal several, previously undetected, protostars and new candidates of Class 0 and Class II with transitional disks. We estimate the evolutionary status of the YSOs/protostars using two independent indicators: the {alpha} index and the fitting of the spectral energy distribution from near- to far-infrared wavelengths. For 70% of the objects, the evolutionary stages derived with the two methods are in agreement.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/710/1247
- Title:
- Dense cores in Gould Belt clouds
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/710/1247
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using data from the SCUBA Legacy Catalogue (850um) and Spitzer Space Telescope (3.6-70um), we explore dense cores in the Ophiuchus, Taurus, Perseus, Serpens, and Orion molecular clouds. We develop a new method to discriminate submillimeter cores found by Submillimeter Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) as starless or protostellar, using point source photometry from Spitzer wide field surveys. First, we identify infrared sources with red colors associated with embedded young stellar objects (YSOs). Second, we compare the positions of these YSO candidates to our submillimeter cores. With these identifications, we construct new, self-consistent starless and protostellar core mass functions (CMFs) for the five clouds. We find best-fit slopes to the high-mass end of the CMFs of -1.26+/-0.20, -1.22+/-0.06, -0.95+/-0.20, and -1.67+/-0.72 for Ophiuchus, Taurus, Perseus, and Orion, respectively.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/462/L17
- Title:
- Dense cores in interstellar molecular clouds
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/462/L17
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Stars form in the cold dense cores of interstellar molecular clouds and the detailed knowledge of the spectrum of masses of such cores is clearly a key for the understanding of the origin of the IMF. To date, observations have presented somewhat contradictory evidence relating to this issue. In this paper we propose to derive the mass function of a complete sample of dense molecular cores in a single cloud employing a robust method that uses uses extinction of background starlight to measure core masses and enables the reliable extension of such measurements to lower masses than previously possible. We use a map of near-infrared extinction in the nearby Pipe dark cloud to identify the population of dense cores in the cloud and measure their masses.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/574/A104
- Title:
- Dense cores in L1495/B213 complex
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/574/A104
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Cloud fragmentation into dense cores is a critical step in the process of star formation. A number of recent observations show that it is connected to the filamentary structure of the gas, but the processes responsible for core formation remain mysterious. We studied the kinematics and spatial distribution of the dense gas in the L1495/B213 filamentary region of the Taurus molecular cloud with the goal of understanding the mechanism of core formation. We mapped the densest regions of L1495/B213 in N_2_H^+^(1-0) and C_18_O(2-1) with the IRAM 30m telescope, and complemented these data with archival dust-continuum observations from the Herschel Space Observatory.
