- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/599/A109
- Title:
- Draco nebula Herschel 250um map
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/599/A109
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Draco nebula is a high Galactic latitude interstellar cloud observed at velocities corresponding to the intermediate velocity cloud regime. This nebula shows unusually strong CO emission and remarkably high-contrast small-scale structures for such a diffuse high Galactic latitude cloud. The 21cm emission of the Draco nebula reveals that it is likely to have been formed by the collision of a cloud entering the disk of the Milky Way. Such physical conditions are ideal to study the formation of cold and dense gas in colliding flows of diffuse and warm gas. The objective of this study is to better understand the process of structure formation in a colliding flow and to describe the ects of matter entering the disk on the interstellar medium. We conducted Herschel-SPIRE observations of the Draco nebula. The clumpfind algorithm was used to identify and characterize the small-scale structures of the cloud.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/138/1380
- Title:
- Dust clumps in the Galactic Plane
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/138/1380
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present imaging observations of continuum emission from interstellar dust at 850 and 1200um of a section of the Galactic Plane covering 2deg^2^ centered at l=44{deg}. Complementary jiggle-mapping and fast-scanning techniques were used, respectively, at these two wavelengths. The mapped area includes the well-known star formation regions W49 and G45.1/45.5. Using an automated clump-finding routine, we identify 132 compact 850um emission features within the region above a completeness level of about 200mJy/beam. The positions of the latter objects were used to determine fluxes from the 1200um image. Spectral line data were subsequently obtained with the same observing beamwidth as at 850um for almost half of the objects; these were either imaged in the ^13^CO (3-2) line, or basic characteristics determined using the ^12^CO (3-2) transition. We use these data, supplemented by existing ^13^CO (1-0) and HI survey data, to determine distances and hence derive masses for the dust clump ensemble, assuming a uniform dust temperature of 15K. From these data we find that the number-mass relationship for clumps in the field is similar to that found for individual star-forming regions.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/502/845
- Title:
- Dust coagulation in molecular clouds
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/502/845
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The cores in molecular clouds are the densest and coldest regions of the interstellar medium (ISM). In these regions ISM-dust grains have the potential to coagulate. This study investigates the collisional evolution of the dust population by combining two models: a binary model that simulates the collision between two aggregates and a coagulation model that computes the dust size distribution with time. In the first, results from a parameter study quantify the outcome of the collision - sticking, fragmentation (shattering, breakage, and erosion) - and the effects on the internal structure of the particles in tabular format. These tables are then used as input for the dust evolution model, which is applied to an homogeneous and static cloud of temperature 10K and gas densities between 10^3^ and 10^7^cm^-3^.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/616/A78
- Title:
- Dust extinction map of the Nessie filament
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/616/A78
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- An increasing number of hundred-parsec scale, high line-mass filaments have been detected in the Galaxy. Their evolutionary path, including fragmentation towards star formation, is virtually unknown. We characterize the fragmentation within the Nessie filament, covering size-scales between 0.1-100pc. We also connect the small-scale fragments to the star-forming potential of the cloud. We combine near-infrared data from the VVV survey with mid-infrared GLIMPSE data to derive a high-resolution dust extinction map and apply a wavelet decomposition technique on it to analyze the fragmentation characteristics of the cloud, which are compared with predictions from fragmentation models. We compare the detected objects to those identified in 10 times coarser resolution from ATLASGAL data. We present a high-resolution extinction map of Nessie. We estimate the mean line-mass of Nessie to be 627M_{sun}_/pc and the distance to be 3.5kpc. We find that Nessie shows fragmentation at multiple size scales. The nearest-neighbour separations of the fragments at all scales are within a factor of 2 of the Jeans' length at that scale. However, the relationship between the mean densities of the fragments and their separations is significantly shallower than expected for Jeans' fragmentation. The relationship is similar to the one predicted for a filament that exhibits a Larson-like scaling between size-scale and velocity dispersion; such a scaling may result from turbulent support. Based on the number of YSOs in Nessie, we estimate that the star formation rate is 371M_{sun}_/Myr; similar values result if using the number of dense cores, or the amount of dense gas, as the proxy of star formation. The star formation efficiency is 0.017. These numbers indicate that Nessie's star-forming content is comparable to the Solar neighborhood giant molecular clouds like Orion A.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/623/A118
- Title:
- Dust opacity variations in L1544
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/623/A118
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The study of dust emission at millimeter wavelengths is important to shed light on the dust properties and physical structure of pre-stellar cores, the initial conditions in the process of star and planet formation. Using two new continuum facilities, AzTEC at the Large Millimeter Telescope Alfonso Serrano and MUSTANG-2 at the Green Bank Observatory, we aim to detect changes in the optical properties of dust grains as a function of radius for the well-known pre-stellar core L1544. We determined the emission profiles at 1.1 and 3.3mm and examine whether they can be reproduced in terms of the current best physical models for L1544. We also made use of various tools to determine the radial distributions of the density, temperature, and dust opacity in a self-consistent manner. We find that our observations cannot be reproduced without invoking opacity variations. New temperature and density profiles, as well as opacity variations across the core, have been derived with the new data. The opacity changes are consistent with the expected variations between uncoagulated bare grains, toward the outer regions of the core, and grains with thick ice mantles, toward the core center. A simple analytical grain growth model predicts the presence of grains of 3-4um within the central 2000 au for the new density profile.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/141/43
- Title:
- Dust properties in LMC molecular clouds
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/141/43
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The objective of this paper is to construct a catalog providing the dust properties and the star formation efficiency (SFE) of the molecular clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). We use the infrared (IR) data obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope as part of the "Surveying the Agents of a Galaxy's Evolution" Legacy survey as well as the IRAS data. We also work with extinction (Av) maps of the LMC. A total of 272 molecular clouds have been detected in the LMC in a previous molecular survey, accounting for 230 giant molecular clouds (GMCs) and 42 smaller clouds. We perform correlations between the IR emission/extinction and atomic and molecular gas tracers.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/715/310
- Title:
- Early stages of star formation in IRDCs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/715/310
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Identified as extinction features against the bright Galactic mid-infrared background, infrared dark clouds (IRDCs) are thought to harbor the very earliest stages of star and cluster formation. In order to better characterize the properties of their embedded cores, we have obtained new 24um, 60-100um, and submillimeter continuum data toward a sample of 38 IRDCs. The 24um Spitzer images reveal that while the IRDCs remain dark, many of the cores are associated with bright 24um emission sources, which suggests that they contain one or more embedded protostars. Combining the 24um, 60-100um, and submillimeter continuum data, we have constructed broadband spectral energy distributions (SEDs) for 157 of the cores within these IRDCs and, using simple graybody fits to the SEDs, have estimated their dust temperatures, emissivities, opacities, bolometric luminosities, masses, and densities. Based on their Spitzer/Infrared Array Camera 3-8um colors and the presence of 24um point-source emission, we have separated cores that harbor active, high-mass star formation from cores that are quiescent. The active "protostellar" cores typically have warmer dust temperatures and higher bolometric luminosities than the more quiescent, perhaps "pre-protostellar," cores. Because the mass distributions of the populations are similar, however, we speculate that the active and quiescent cores may represent different evolutionary stages of the same underlying population of cores. Although we cannot rule out low-mass star formation in the quiescent cores, the most massive of them are excellent candidates for the "high-mass starless core" phase, the very earliest in the formation of a high-mass star.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/469/3881
- Title:
- Embedded binaries and their dense cores
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/469/3881
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We explore the relationship between young, embedded binaries and their parent cores, using observations within the Perseus Molecular Cloud. We combine recently published Very Large Array observations of young stars with core properties obtained from Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array 2 observations at 850{mu}m. Most embedded binary systems are found towards the centres of their parent cores, although several systems have components closer to the core edge. Wide binaries, defined as those systems with physical separations greater than 500au, show a tendency to be aligned with the long axes of their parent cores, whereas tight binaries show no preferred orientation. We test a number of simple, evolutionary models to account for the observed populations of Class 0 and I sources, both single and binary. In the model that best explains the observations, all stars form initially as wide binaries. These binaries either break up into separate stars or else shrink into tighter orbits. Under the assumption that both stars remain embedded following binary break-up, we find a total star formation rate of 168Myr^-1^. Alternatively, one star may be ejected from the dense core due to binary break-up. This latter assumption results in a star formation rate of 247Myr^-1^. Both production rates are in satisfactory agreement with current estimates from other studies of Perseus. Future observations should be able to distinguish between these two possibilities. If our model continues to provide a good fit to other star-forming regions, then the mass fraction of dense cores that becomes stars is double what is currently believed.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/498/167
- Title:
- Embedded sources in L 1688
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/498/167
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Ophiuchus clouds, in particular L 1688, are an excellent region to study the embedded phases of star formation, due to the relatively large number of protostars. However, the standard method of finding and characterizing embedded young stellar objects (YSOs) through just their infrared spectral slope does not yield a reliable sample. This may affect the age determinations, often derived from the statistics on the total number of embedded YSOs and pre-main sequence stars within a cloud. Our aim is to characterize the structure of protostellar envelopes on an individual basis and to correctly identify the embedded YSO population of L 1688.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/706/83
- Title:
- Embedded YSO candidates in W51
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/706/83
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present 737 candidate young stellar objects (YSOs) near the W51 giant molecular cloud over an area of 1.25x1.00{deg} selected from Spitzer Space Telescope data. We use spectral energy distribution fits to identify YSOs and distinguish them from main-sequence (MS) or red giant stars, asymptotic giant branch stars, and background galaxies. Based on extinction of each YSO, we separate a total of 437 YSOs associated with the W51 region from the possible foreground sources. We identify 69 highly embedded Stage 0/I candidate YSOs in our field with masses >5M_{sun}_ (corresponding to mid- to early-B MS spectral types), 46 of which are located in the central active star-forming regions of W51A and W51B. From the YSOs associated with W51, we find evidence for mass segregation showing that the most massive YSOs are concentrated on the W51 HII region complex.
