- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/588/A104
- Title:
- Molecular clouds and star formation
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/588/A104
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- As a part of the Milky Way Imaging Scroll Painting (MWISP) survey, the aim is to study the physical properties of molecular clouds and their associated star formation toward the Galactic plane within 216.25{deg}<=l<=218.75{deg} and -0.75{deg}<=b<=1.25{deg}, which covers the molecular cloud complex S287. Using the 3x3 Superconducting Spectroscopic Array Receiver (SSAR) at the PMO-13.7m telescope, we performed a simultaneous ^12^CO (1-0), ^13^CO (1-0), C^18^O (1-0) mapping toward molecular clouds in a region encompassing 3.75 square degrees. The beam size is 52" for ^12^CO (1-0) and 55" for ^13^CO (1-0) and C^18^O (1-0).
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/141/123
- Title:
- Molecular clouds associated with HII regions
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/141/123
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The properties of molecular clouds associated with 10 HII regions were studied using CO observations. We identified 142 dense clumps within our sample and found that our sources are divided into two categories: those with clumps that show a power-law size-line-width relation (Type I) and those that do not show any relation (Type II). The clumps in the Type I sources have larger power-law indices than found in previous studies. The clumps in the Type II sources have larger line widths than do the clumps in the Type I sources.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/581/A74
- Title:
- Molecular clouds as viewed by ATLASGAL
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/581/A74
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first study of the relationship between the column density distribution of molecular clouds within nearby Galactic spiral arms and their evolutionary status as measured from their stellar content. We analyze a sample of 195 molecular clouds located at distances below 5.5kpc, identified from the ATLASGAL 870{mu}m data. We define three evolutionary classes within this sample: starless clumps, star-forming clouds with associated young stellar objects, and clouds associated with HII regions. We find that the N(H_2_) probability density functions (N-PDFs) of these three classes of objects are clearly different: the N-PDFs of starless clumps are narrowest and close to log-normal in shape, while star-forming clouds and HII regions exhibit a power-law shape over a wide range of column densities and log-normal-like components only at low column densities. We use the N-PDFs to estimate the evolutionary time-scales of the three classes of objects based on a simple analytic model from literature. Finally, we show that the integral of the N-PDFs, the dense gas mass fraction, depends on the total mass of the regions as measured by ATLASGAL: more massive clouds contain greater relative amounts of dense gas across all evolutionary classes.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/PASJ/51/791
- Title:
- Molecular clouds in southern HII regions
- Short Name:
- J/PASJ/51/791
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have carried out extensive ^13^CO(J=1-0) observations toward 23 southern H II regions associated with bright-rimmed clouds. In total, 95 molecular clouds have been identified to be associated with the H II regions. Among the 95, 57 clouds are found to be associated with 204 IRAS point sources which are candidates for young stellar objects. There is a significant increase of star-formation efficiency on the side facing to the H II regions; the luminosity-to-mass ratio, defined as the ratio of the stellar luminosity to the molecular cloud mass, is higher by an order of magnitude on the near side of the H II regions than that on the. far side. This indicates that molecular gas facing to the H II regions is more actively forming massive stars whose luminosity is ~>10^3^L_{sun}_. In addition, the number density of the IRAS point sources increases by a factor of 2 on the near side of the H II regions compared with on the far side. These results strongly suggest that the active formation of massive stars on the near side of the H II regions is due to the effects of the H II regions, such as the compression of molecular material by the ionization/shock fronts. For the whole Galaxy, we estimate that the present star-formation rate under such effects is at least 0.2-0.4M_{sun}_/yr, corresponding to a few 10% by mass.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/750/136
- Title:
- Molecular clouds in the Antennae from CO(2-1)
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/750/136
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Super star clusters--extremely massive clusters found predominately in starburst environments--are essential building blocks in the formation of galaxies and thought to dominate star formation in the high-redshift universe. However, the transformation from molecular gas into these ultracompact star clusters is not well understood. To study this process, we used the Submillimeter Array and the Plateau de Bure Interferometer to obtain high angular resolution (~1.5" or 160pc) images of the Antennae overlap region in CO(2-1) to search for the molecular progenitors of the super star clusters. We resolve the molecular gas distribution into a large number of clouds, extending the differential cloud mass function down to a 5{sigma} completeness limit of 3.8x10^5^M_{sun}_. We identify a distinct break in the mass function around log M_mol_/M_{sun}_{approx}6.5, which separates the molecular clouds into two distinct populations. The smaller, less massive clouds reside in more quiescent areas in the region, while the larger, more massive clouds cluster around regions of intense star formation. A broken power-law fit to the mass function yields slopes of {alpha}=-1.39+/-0.10 and {alpha}=-1.44+/-0.14 for the low- and high-mass cloud population, well matched to the mass function found for super star clusters in the Antennae galaxies. We find large velocity gradients and velocity dispersions at the locations of intense star formation, suggestive of compressive shocks. It is likely that these environmental factors contribute to the formation of the observed massive molecular clouds and super star clusters in the Antennae galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/835/278
- Title:
- Molecular clouds in the dwarf galaxy NGC6822
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/835/278
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array survey of CO(2-1) emission from the 1/5 solar metallicity, Local Group dwarf galaxy NGC 6822. We achieve high (0.9"~2pc) spatial resolution while covering a large area: four 250pcx250pc regions that encompass ~2/3 of NGC 6822's star formation. In these regions, we resolve ~150 compact CO clumps that have small radii (~2-3pc), narrow line width (~1km/s), and low filling factor across the galaxy. This is consistent with other recent studies of low-metallicity galaxies, but here shown with a 15x larger sample. At parsec scales, CO emission correlates with 8{mu}m emission better than with 24{mu}m emission and anticorrelates with H{alpha}, so that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon emission may be an effective tracer of molecular gas at low metallicity. The properties of the CO clumps resemble those of similar-size structures in Galactic clouds except of slightly lower surface brightness and with CO-to-H_2_ ratio ~1-2x the Galactic value. The clumps exist inside larger atomic-molecular complexes with masses typical for giant molecular clouds. Using dust to trace H_2_ for the entire complex, we find the CO-to-H_2_ ratio to be ~20-25x the Galactic value, but with strong dependence on spatial scale and variations between complexes that may track their evolutionary state. The H_2_-to-HI ratio is low globally and only mildly above unity within the complexes. The ratio of star formation rate to H_2_ is ~3-5x higher in the complexes than in massive disk galaxies, but after accounting for the bias from targeting star-forming regions, we conclude that the global molecular gas depletion time may be as long as in massive disk galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/184/1
- Title:
- Molecular clouds in the LMC by NANTEN. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/184/1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We studied star formation activities in the molecular clouds in the Large Magellanic Cloud. We have utilized the second catalog of 272 molecular clouds obtained by NANTEN (4m radio telescope of Nagoya University at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile) to compare the cloud distribution with signatures of massive star formation including stellar clusters, and optical and radio HII regions. We find that the molecular clouds are classified into three types according to the activities of massive star formation: Type I shows no signature of massive star formation; Type II is associated with relatively small HII region(s); and Type III with both HII region(s) and young stellar cluster(s). The radio continuum sources were used to confirm that Type I giant molecular clouds (GMCs) do not host optically hidden HII regions. These signatures of massive star formation show a good spatial correlation with the molecular clouds in the sense that they are located within ~100pc of the molecular clouds.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/828/59
- Title:
- Molecular clouds in the Milky Way with CO obs.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/828/59
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Galactic plane has been mapped from l=34.75{deg} to 45.25{deg} and b=-5.25{deg} to 5.25{deg} in the CO (J=1-0) emission with the 13.7m telescope of the Purple Mountain Observatory. The unbiased survey covers a large area of 110 square degrees sampled every 30" with a velocity resolution of ~0.2km/s. In this paper, we present the result of an unbiased CO survey of this longitude and latitude range in the velocity range from -60 to -10km/s. Over 500 molecular clouds (MCs) are picked out from the ^12^CO (J=1-0) emission, and 131 of these MCs are associated with ^13^CO emission. The distant MCs, which lie beyond the solar circle and are mostly concentrated in the Galactic plane, trace the large-scale molecular gas structure over 10 degrees of Galactic azimuth. We find that the distribution of the distant MCs can be well fitted by a Gaussian function with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 0.7{deg} with the Galactic latitude. We suggest that the CO emission of the segment is from the Outer Arm. The physical mid-plane traced by the Outer Arm seems to be slightly displaced from the IAU-defined plane on a large scale, which could be explained by the warped plane at large Galactocentric distances of >~10kpc and the apparent tilted mid-plane to the projected IAU-defined plane caused by the Sun's z-height above the disk for distances near and within the Solar circle. After removing the effect of the warp and tilted structure, the scale height of the MCs in the Outer Arm is about 0.6{deg} or 160pc at a heliocentric distance of 15kpc. If the inner plane of our Galaxy is flat, we can derive an upper limit of the Sun's offset of ~17.1pc above the physical mid-plane of the Milky Way. We also discuss the correlations between the physical parameters of the distant MCs, which is quite consistent with the result of other studies of this parameter.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/614/A100
- Title:
- Molecular clouds los magnetic field structure
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/614/A100
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Magnetic fields pervade in the interstellar medium (ISM) and are believed to be important in the process of star formation, yet probing magnetic fields in star formation regions is challenging. Aims. We propose a new method to use Faraday rotation measurements in small-scale star forming regions to find the direction and magnitude of the component of magnetic field along the line of sight. We test the proposed method in four relatively nearby regions of Orion A, Orion B, Perseus, and California. We use rotation measure data from the literature. We adopt a simple approach based on relative measurements to estimate the rotation measure due to the molecular clouds over the Galactic contribution. We then use a chemical evolution code along with extinction maps of each cloud to find the electron column density of the molecular cloud at the position of each rotation measure data point. Combining the rotation measures produced by the molecular clouds and the electron column density, we calculate the line-of-sight magnetic field strength and direction. In California and Orion A, we find clear evidence that the magnetic fields at one side of these filamentary structures are pointing towards us and are pointing away from us at the other side. Even though the magnetic fields in Perseus might seem to suggest the same behavior, not enough data points are available to draw such conclusions. In Orion B, as well, there are not enough data points available to detect such behavior. This magnetic field reversal is consistent with a helical magnetic field morphology. In the vicinity of available Zeeman measurements in OMC-1, OMC-B, and the dark cloud Barnard 1, we find magnetic field values of -23+/-38uG, -129+/-28uG, and 32+/-101uG, respectively, which are in agreement with the Zeeman measurements.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/625/A148
- Title:
- 12 molecular clouds of M31 spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/625/A148
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We analyse molecular observations performed at IRAM interferometer in CO(1-0) of the circum-nuclear region (within 250pc) of Andromeda, with 2. arcsec=11pc resolution. We detect 12 molecular clumps in this region, corresponding to a total molecular mass of (8.4+/ 0.4)x10^4^M_{sun}_. They follow the Larson's mass-size relation, but lie well above the velocity-size relation. We discuss that these clumps are probably not virialised, but transient agglomerations of smaller entities that might be virialised. Three of these clumps have been detected in CO(2-1) in a previous work, and we find temperature line ratio below 0.5. With a RADEX analysis, we show that this gas is in non local thermal equilibrium with a low excitation temperature (Tex=5-9K). We find a surface beam filling factor of order 5 percent and a gas density in the range 60-650cm^-3^, well below the critical density. With a gas-to-stellar mass fraction of 4x10^-4^ and dust-to-gas ratio of 0.01, this quiescent region has exhausted his gas budget. Its spectral energy distribution is compatible with passive templates assembled from elliptical galaxies. While weak dust emission is present in the region, we show that no star formation is present and support the previous results that the dust is heated by the old and intermediate stellar population. We study that this region lies formally in the low-density part of the Kennicutt-Schmidt law, in a regime where the SFR estimators are not completely reliable. We confirm the quiescence of the inner part of this galaxy known to lie on the green valley.
