- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/806/74
- Title:
- NH3 line profiles in star-forming regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/806/74
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Anomalous ammonia (NH_3_) spectra, exhibiting asymmetric hyperfine satellite intensity profiles in the (J,K)=(1,1) inversion transition, have been observed in star-forming regions for over 35 years. We present a systematic study of this "hyperfine intensity anomaly" (HIA) toward a sample of 334 high-mass star forming regions: 310 high-mass (>~100M_{sun}_) clumps and 24 infrared dark clouds. The HIA is ubiquitous in high-mass star forming regions. Although LTE excitation predicts that the intensity ratios of the outer satellites and inner satellites are exactly unity, for this sample the ensemble average ratios are 0.812+/-0.004 and 1.125+/-0.005, respectively. We have quantified the HIA and find no significant relationships between the HIA and temperature, line width, optical depth, and the stage of stellar evolution. The fact that HIAs are common in high-mass star-forming regions suggests that the conditions that lead to HIAs are ubiquitous in these regions. A possible link between HIAs and the predictions of the competitive accretion model of high-mass star formation is suggested; however, the expected trends of HIA strength with clump evolutionary stage, rotational temperature, and line width for evolving cores in competitive accretion models are not found. Thus, the exact gas structures that produce HIAs remain unknown. Turbulent gas structures are a possible explanation, but the details need to be explored.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/599/A135
- Title:
- NH_3_ Odin observations towards Sgr A
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/599/A135
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Odin satellite is now into its sixteenth year of operation, much surpassing its design life of two years. One of the sources which Odin has observed in great detail is the Sgr A Complex in the centre of the Milky Way. The aim is to study the presence of NH_3_ in the Galactic Centre and spiral arms. Recently, Odin has made complementary observations of the 572GHz NH_3_ line towards the Sgr A +50km/s cloud and Circumnuclear Disk (CND). Significant NH_3_ emission has been observed in both the +50km/s cloud and the CND. Clear NH_3_ absorption has also been detected in many of the spiral arm features along the line of sight from the Sun to the core of our Galaxy. The very large velocity width (80km/s) of the NH_3_ emission associated with the shock region in the southwestern part of the CND may suggest a formation/desorption scenario similar to that of gas-phase H_2_O in shocks/outflows.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/596/A60
- Title:
- NIBLES II. Arecibo follow-up observations
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/596/A60
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We obtained Arecibo HI line follow-up observations of 154 of the 2600 galaxies in the Nancay Interstellar Baryons Legacy Extragalactic Survey (NIBLES) sample. These observations are on average four times more sensitive than the original observations at the Nancay Radio Telescope. The main goal of this survey is to characterize the underlying HI properties of the NIBLES galaxies which were undetected or marginally detected at Nancay. Of the Nancay non-detections, 85% were either clearly or marginally detected at Arecibo, while 89% of the Nancay marginal detections were clearly detected. Based on the statistics of the detections relative to g-i color and r-band luminosity (Lr) distribution among our Arecibo observations, we anticipate ~60% of our 867 Nancay non-detections and marginal detections could be detected at the sensitivity of our Arecibo observations. Follow-up observations of our low luminosity (Lr<10^8.5^L_{sun}_) blue sources indicate that they have, on average, more concentrated stellar mass distributions than the Nancay detections in the same luminosity range, suggesting we may be probing galaxies with intrinsically different properties. These follow-up observations enable us to probe HI mass fractions, log(MHI/M*) 0.5dex and 1dex lower, on average, than the NIBLES and ALFALFA surveys respectively.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/164/307
- Title:
- NICMOS observations of 3CR radio sources
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/164/307
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present newly acquired images of the near-infrared counterpart of 3CR radio sources. All the sources were selected to have a redshift of less than 0.3 to allow us to obtain the highest spatial resolution. The observations were carried out as a snapshot program using the Near-Infrared Camera and Multiobject Spectrograph (NICMOS) on-board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). In this paper we describe 69 radio galaxies observed for the first time with NICMOS during HST cycle 13. All the objects presented here are elliptical galaxies. However, each of them has unique characteristics such as close companions, dust lanes, unresolved nuclei, arclike features, globular clusters, and jets clearly visible from the images or with basic galaxy subtraction.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/576/A12
- Title:
- NIKA maps of ClG J1226.9+3332 at 150 and 250GHz
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/576/A12
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The thermal Sunyaev-Zel'Dovich (tSZ) effect is expected to provide a low scatter mass proxy for galaxy clusters since it is directly proportional to the cluster thermal energy. The tSZ observations have proven to be a powerful tool for detecting and studying them, but high angular resolution observations are now needed to push their investigation to a higher redshift. In this paper, we report high angular (<20-arcsec) resolution tSZ observations of the high-redshift cluster CL J1226.9+3332 (z=0.89). It was imaged at 150 and 260GHz using the NIKA camera at the IRAM 30-meter telescope. The 150GHz map shows that CL J1226.9+3332 is morphologically relaxed on large scales with evidence of a disturbed core, while the 260GHz channel is used mostly to identify point source contamination. NIKA data are combined with those of Planck and X-ray from Chandra to infer the cluster's radial pressure, density, temperature, and entropy distributions. The total mass profile of the cluster is derived, and we find M_500_=5.96^+1.02^_-0.79_x10^14^M_{sun} within the radius R_500_=930^+50^_-43kpc, at a 68% confidence level. (R_500_ is the radius within which the average density is 500 times the critical density at the cluster's redshift.) NIKA is the prototype camera of NIKA2, a KIDs (kinetic inductance detectors) based instrument to be installed at the end of 2015. This work is, therefore, part of a pilot study aiming at optimizing tSZ NIKA2 large programs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/614/A118
- Title:
- NIKA Sunyaev-Zel'dovich data release
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/614/A118
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Substructures in the hot gas atmosphere of galaxy clusters are related to their formation history and to the astrophysical processes at play in the intracluster medium (ICM). The thermal Sunyaev-Zel'dovich (tSZ) effect is directly sensitive to the line-of-sight integrated ICM pressure, and is thus particularly adapted to study ICM substructures. In this paper, we apply structure-enhancement filtering algorithms to high-resolution tSZ observations (e.g., NIKA) of distant clusters in order to search for pressure discontinuities, compressions, and secondary peaks in the ICM. The same filters are applied to toy-model images and to synthetic tSZ images extracted from RHAPSODY-G cosmological hydrodynamic simulations, in order to better interpret the extracted features. We also study the noise propagation through the filters and quantify the impact of systematic effects, such as data-processing-induced artifacts and point-source residuals, the latter being identified as the dominant potential contaminant. In three of our six NIKA-observed clusters we identify features at high signal-to-noise ratio that show clear evidence for merger events. In MACS J0717.5+3745 (z=0.55), three strong pressure gradients are observed on the east, southeast, and west sectors, and two main peaks in the pressure distribution are identified. We observe a lack of tSZ compact structure in the cool-core cluster PSZ1 G045.85+57.71 (z=0.61), and a tSZ gradient ridge dominates in the southeast. In the highest redshift cluster, CL J1226.9+3332 (z=0.89), we detect a ridge pressure gradient of ~45-arcsec (360kpc) in length associated with a secondary pressure peak in the west region. Our results show that current tSZ facilities have now reached the angular resolution and sensitivity to allow an exploration of the details of pressure substructures in clusters, even at high redshift. This opens the possibility to quantify the impact of the dynamical state on the relation between the tSZ signal and the mass of clusters, which is important when using tSZ clusters to test cosmological models. This work also marks the first NIKA cluster sample data release.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/208/20
- Title:
- Nine-year WMAP point source catalogs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/208/20
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the final nine-year maps and basic results from the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) mission. The full nine-year analysis of the time-ordered data provides updated characterizations and calibrations of the experiment. We also provide new nine-year full sky temperature maps that were processed to reduce the asymmetry of the effective beams. Temperature and polarization sky maps are examined to separate cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy from foreground emission, and both types of signals are analyzed in detail. We provide new point source catalogs as well as new diffuse and point source foreground masks. An updated template-removal process is used for cosmological analysis; new foreground fits are performed, and new foreground-reduced CMB maps are presented.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/617/A7
- Title:
- Nitrogen isotopic ratio in prestellar cores
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/617/A7
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The ^15^N fractionation has been observed to show large variations among astrophysical sources, depending both on the type of target and on the molecular tracer used. These variations cannot be reproduced by the current chemical models. Until now, the ^14^N/^15^N ratio in N_2_H^+^ has been accurately measured in only one prestellar source, L1544, where strong levels of fractionation, with depletion in ^15^N, are found (^14^N/^15^N~1000). In this paper we extend the sample to three more bona fide prestellar cores, in order to understand if the antifractionation in N_2_H^+^ is a common feature of this kind of sources. Methods. We observed N_2_H^+^ , N^15^NH^+^ and ^15^NNH^+^ in L183, L429 and L694-2 with the IRAM 30m telescope. We modeled the emission with a non-local radiative transfer code in order to obtain accurate estimates of the molecular column densities, including the one for the optically thick N_2_H^+^ . We used the most recent collisional rate coefficients available, and with these we also re-analysed the L1544 spectra previously published. The obtained isotopic ratios are in the range 630-770 and significantly differ with the value, predicted by the most recent chemical models, of ~440, close to the protosolar value. Our prestellar core sample shows high level of depletion of ^15^N in diazenylium, as previously found in L1544. A revision of the N chemical networks is needed in order to explain these results.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/555/A109
- Title:
- ^14^N/^15^N isotopic ratio in L1544
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/555/A109
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Samples of pristine solar system material found in meteorites and interplanetary dust particles are highly enriched in ^15^N. Conspicuous nitrogen isotopic anomalies have also been measured in comets, and the ^14^N/^15^N abundance ratio of the Earth is itself higher than the recognised presolar value by almost a factor of two. Ion/molecules, low-temperature chemical reactions in the proto-solar nebula have been repeatedly indicated as being responsible for these ^15^N-enhancements. We have searched for ^15^N variants of the N2H^+^ ion in L1544, a prototypical starless cloud core that is one of the best candidate sources for detection owing to its low central core temperature and high CO depletion. The goal is to evaluate accurate and reliable ^14^N/^15^N ratio values for this species in the interstellar gas. A deep integration of the ^15^NNH^+^(1-0) line at 90.4GHz was obtained with the IRAM 30m telescope. Non-LTE radiative transfer modelling was performed on the J=1-0 emissions of the parent and ^15^N-containing dyazenilium ions, using a Bonnor-Ebert sphere as a model for the source. A high-quality fit of the N2H^+^(1-0) hyperfine spectrum has allowed us to derive a revised value of the N2H+ column density in L1544. Analysis of the observed N^15^NH^+^ and ^15^NNH^+^ spectra yielded an abundance ratio N(N^15^NH^+^)/N(^15^NNH^+^)=1.1+/-0.3. The obtained ^14^N/^15^N isotopic ratio is ~1000+/-200, suggestive of a sizeable ^15^N depletion in this molecular ion. Such a result is not consistent with the prediction of the current nitrogen chemical models. Since chemical models predict high ^15^N fractionation of N_2_H^+^, we suggest that ^15^N^14^N, or ^15^N in some other molecular form, is preferentially depleted onto dust grains.
1140. 14N/15N ratio in YSOs
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/644/A29
- Title:
- 14N/15N ratio in YSOs
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/644/A29
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The nitrogen isotopic ratio is considered an important diagnostic tool of the star formation process, and N_2_H^+^ is particularly important because it is directly linked to molecular nitrogen N_2_. However, theoretical models still lack to provide an exhaustive explanation for the observed^14^N/^15^N values. Recent theoretical works suggest that the^14^N/^15^N behaviour is dominated by two competing reactions that destroy N_2_H^+^: dissociative recombination and reaction with CO. When CO is depleted from the gas phase, if N_2_H^+^ recombination rate is lower with respect to the N^15^NH^+^ one, the rarer isotopologue is destroyed faster. In prestellar cores, due to a combination of low temperatures and high densities, most CO is frozen in ices onto the dust grains, leading to high levels of depletion. On the contrary, in protostellar cores, where temperature are higher, CO ices evaporate back to the gas phase. This implies that the N_2_H^+^ isotopic ratio in protostellar cores should be lower than the one in prestellar cores, and consistent with the elemental value of ~440. We aim to test this hypothesis, producing the first sample of N_2_H^+^ /N^15^NH^+^ measurements in low mass protostars. We observe the N_2_H^+^ and N^15^NH^+^ lowest rotational transition towards six young stellar objects in Perseus and Taurusmolecular clouds. We model the spectra with a custom python code using a constant T_ex_ approach to fit the observations. We discuss in appendix the validity of this hypothesis. The derived column densities are used to compute the nitrogen isotopic ratios. Our analysis yields an average of^14^N/^15^N|_pro_=420+/-15 in the protostellar sample. This is consistent with the protosolar value of 440, and significantly lower than the average value previously obtained in a sample of prestellar objects. Our results are in agreement with the hypothesis that, when CO is depleted from the gas-phase, dissociative recombinations with free electrons destroy N^15^NH^+^ faster than N_2_H^+^ , leading to high isotopic ratios in prestellar cores, where carbon monoxide is frozen onto dust grains.
