- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/799/10
- Title:
- Arp 220 6 and 33GHz images
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/799/10
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present new Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array radio continuum images of the nuclei of Arp 220, the nearest ultra-luminous infrared galaxy. These new images have both the angular resolution to study the detailed morphologies of the two nuclei that power the galaxy merger and sensitivity to a wide range of spatial scales. At 33GHz, we achieve a resolution of 0.081"x0.063" (29.9x23.3pc) and resolve the radio emission surrounding both nuclei. We conclude from the decomposition of the radio spectral energy distribution that a majority of the 33GHz emission is synchrotron radiation. The spatial distributions of radio emission in both nuclei are well described by exponential profiles. These have deconvolved half-light radii (R_50d_) of 51 and 35pc for the eastern and western nuclei, respectively, and they match the number density profile of radio supernovae observed with very long baseline interferometry. This similarity might be due to the fast cooling of cosmic rays electrons caused by the presence of a strong (~mG) magnetic field in this system. We estimate extremely high molecular gas surface densities of 2.2_-1.0_^+2.1^x10^5^M_{sun}_/pc^2^ (east) and 4.5_-1.9_^+4.5^x10^5^M_{sun}_/pc^2^ (west), corresponding to total hydrogen column densities of N_H_=2.7_-1.2_^+2.7^x10^25^cm^-2^ (east) and 5.6_-2.4_^+5.5^x10^25^cm^-2^ (west). The implied gas volume densities are similarly high, n_H2_~3.8_-1.6_^+3.8^x10^4^cm^-3^ (east) and ~11_-4.5_^+12^x10^4^cm^-3^ (west). We also estimate very high luminosity surface densities of {Sigma}_IR_~4.2_-0.7_^+1.6^x10^13^L_{sun}_/kpc^2^ (east) and {Sigma}_IR_ ~ 9.7_-2.4_^+3.7^x10^13^_L_{sun}/kpc^2^ (west), and star formation rate surface densities of {Sigma}_SFR_~10^3.7+/-0.1^M_{sun}_/yr/kpc^2^ (east) and {Sigma}_SFR_~10^4.1+/-0.1^M_{sun}_/yr/kpc^2^ (west). These values, especially for the western nucleus are, to our knowledge, the highest luminosity surface densities and star formation rate surface densities measured for any star-forming system. Despite these high values, the nuclei appear to lie below the dusty Eddington limit in which radiation pressure is balanced only by self-gravity. The small measured sizes also imply that at wavelengths shorter than {lambda}=1mm, dust absorption effects must play an important role in the observed light distribution while below 5GHz free-free absorption contributes substantial opacity. According to these calculations, the nuclei of Arp 220 are only transparent in the frequency range ~5-350GHz. Our results offer no clear evidence that an active galactic nucleus dominates the emission from either nucleus at 33GHz.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/621/A25
- Title:
- Arp 240 Fabry-Perot interferometry
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/621/A25
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Encounters between galaxies modify their morphology, kinematics, and star formation history. The relation between these changes and external perturbations is not straightforward. The great number of parameters involved requires both the study of large samples and individual encounters where particular features, motions, and perturbations can be traced and analysed in detail. We analysed the morphology, kinematics, and dynamics of two luminous infrared spiral galaxies of almost equal mass, NGC 5257 and NGC 5258, in which star formation is mostly confined to the spiral arms, in order to understand interactions between galaxies of equivalent masses and star-forming processes during the encounter. Using scanning Fabry-Perot interferometry, we studied the contribution of circular and non-circular motions and the response of the ionized gas to external perturbations. We compared the kinematics with direct images of the pair and traced the star-forming processes and gravitational effects due to the presence of the other galaxy. The spectral energy distribution of each member of the pair was fitted. A mass model was fitted to the rotation curve of each galaxy. Large, non-circular motions detected in both galaxies are associated with a bar, spiral arms, and HII regions for the inner parts of the galaxies, and with the tidal interaction for the outer parts of the discs. Bifurcations in the rotation curves indicate that the galaxies have recently undergone their pericentric passage. The pattern speed of a perturbation of one of the galaxies is computed. Location of a possible corotation seems to indicate that the gravitational response of the ionized gas in the outer parts of the disc is related to the regions where ongoing star formation is confined. The spectral energy distribution (SED) fit indicates a slightly different star formation history for each member of the pair. For both galaxies, a pseudo-isothermal halo better fits the global mass distribution.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/590/A25
- Title:
- Arp 220 HCN and HCO^+^ data cubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/590/A25
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The origin of the enormous luminosities of the two opaque nuclei of Arp 220, the prototypical ultra-luminous infrared galaxy, remains a mystery because we lack observational tools to explore the innermost regions around the nuclei. We explore the potential of imaging vibrationally excited molecular emission at high angular resolution to better understand the morphology and physical structure of the dense gas in Arp 220 and to gain insight into the nature of the nuclear powering sources. The Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) provided simultaneous observations of HCN, HCO^+^, and vibrationally excited HCN v_2_=1f emission. Their J=4-3 and 3-2 transitions were observed at a matching resolution of ~0.5", which allows us to isolate the emission from the two nuclei.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/593/A86
- Title:
- Arp 220 LOFAR radio images at 150MHz
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/593/A86
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We analyse new observations with the International Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) telescope, and archival data from the Multi-Element Radio Linked Interferometer Network (MERLIN) and the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA). We model the spatially resolved radio spectrum of Arp 220 from 150MHz to 33GHz. We present an image of Arp 220 at 150MHz with resolution 0.65"x0.35", sensitivity 0.15mJy/beam, and integrated flux density 394+/-59mJy. More than 80% of the detected flux comes from extended (6"~2.2kpc) steep spectrum (alpha=-0.7) emission, likely from star formation in the molecular disk surrounding the two nuclei. We find elongated features extending 0.3" (110pc) and 0.9" (330pc) from the eastern and western nucleus respectively, which we interpret as evidence for outflows. The extent of radio emission requires acceleration of cosmic rays far outside the nuclei. We find that a simple three component model can explain most of the observed radio spectrum of the galaxy. When accounting for absorption at 1.4GHz, Arp 220 follows the FIR/radio correlation with q=2.36, and we estimate a star formation rate of 220M_{sun}_/yr. We derive thermal fractions at 1GHz of less than 1% for the nuclei, which indicates that a major part of the UV-photons are absorbed by dust. International LOFAR observations shows great promise to detect steep spectrum outflows and probe regions of thermal absorption. However, in LIRGs the emission detected at 150MHz does not necessarily come from the main regions of star formation. This implies that high spatial resolution is crucial for accurate estimates of star formation rates for such galaxies at 150MHz.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/VII/192
- Title:
- Arp's Peculiar Galaxies
- Short Name:
- VII/192
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Halton C. Arp photographed 338 views of notable peculiar galaxies and published them as his 1966 "Atlas of Peculiar Galaxies." Since then, galaxy catalogs have named 585 of the involved galaxies. This contemporary index collects names and characteristics of the involved objects for use by contemporary observers of the historical views.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/562/A121
- Title:
- ARRAKIS: Atlas of Resonance Rings as Known In S4G
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/562/A121
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Resonance rings and pseudorings (here collectively called "rings") are thought to be related to the gathering of material near dynamical resonances caused by non-axisymmetries in galaxy discs. Therefore, they are the consequence of secular evolution processes that redistribute material and angular momentum in discs. Their study may give clues on the formation and growth of bars and other disc non-axisymmetries. Our aims are to produce a Catalogue and an Atlas of the rings detected in the Spitzer Survey of Stellar Structure in Galaxies (S4G) and to conduct a statistical study of the data in the Catalogue. We traced the contours of rings previously identified by Buta et al. (in preparation) and fitted them with ellipses. We found the orientation of bars by studying the galaxy ellipse fits from S4G's Pipeline4. We used the galaxy orientation data obtained by S4G's Pipeline 4 to obtain intrinsic ellipticities and orientations of rings and the bars. ARRAKIS contains data on 724 ringed galaxies in the S4G. The frequency of resonance rings in the S4G is of 16+/-1% and 35+/-1% for outer and inner features, respectively. Outer rings are mostly found in Hubble stages -1<=T<=4. Inner rings are found in a broad distribution that covers the range -1<=T<=7. We confirm that outer rings have two preferred orientations, namely parallel and perpendicular to the bar. We confirm a tendency for inner rings to be oriented parallel to the bar, but we report the existence of a significant fraction (maybe as large as 50%) of inner features that have random orientations with respect to the bar. These misaligned inner rings are mostly found in late-type galaxies (T>=4). We find that the fraction of barred galaxies hosting outer (inner) rings is ~1.7 times (~1.3 times) that in unbarred galaxies. We confirm several results from previous surveys, as well as predictions from simulations of resonant rings and/or from manifold flux tube theory. We report that a significant fraction of inner rings in late-type galaxies have a random orientation with respect to the bar. This may be due to spiral modes decoupled from the bar dominating the Fourier amplitude spectrum at the radius of the inner ring. The fact that rings are only mildly favoured by bars suggests that those in unbarred galaxies either formed due to weak departures from the axisymmetry of the galactic potential or that they are born because of bars that have been destroyed after the ring formation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/613/A72
- Title:
- AS1063 and MACS1206-08 datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/613/A72
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present results from the KMOS LENsing Survey (KLENS), which is exploiting gravitational lensing to study the kinematics of 24 star-forming galaxies at 1.4<z<3.5 with a median mass of log(M*/M_{sun}_)=9.6 and a median star formation rate (SFR) of 7.5M_{sun}/yr. We find that 25% of these low mass/low SFR galaxies are rotation-dominated, while the majority of our sample shows no velocity gradient. When combining our data with other surveys, we find that the fraction of rotation-dominated galaxies increases with the stellar mass, and decreases for galaxies with a positive offset from the main sequence (higher specific star formation rate). We also investigate the evolution of the intrinsic velocity dispersion, sigma_0_, as a function of the redshift, z, and stellar mass, M*, assuming galaxies in quasi-equilibrium (Toomre Q parameter equal to 1). From the z-sigma_0_ relation, we find that the redshift evolution of the velocity dispersion is mostly expected for massive galaxies (log(M*/M_{sun}_)>10). We derive a M*-sigma_0_ relation, using the Tully-Fisher relation, which highlights that a different evolution of the velocity dispersion is expected depending on the stellar mass, with lower velocity dispersions for lower masses, and an increase for higher masses, stronger at higher redshift. The observed velocity dispersions from this work and from comparison samples spanning 0<z<3.5 appear to follow this relation, except at higher redshift (z>2), where we observe higher velocity dispersions for low masses (log(M*/M_{sun}_)~9.6) and lower velocity dispersions for high masses (log(M*/M_{sun}_)~10.9) than expected. This discrepancy could, for instance, suggest that galaxies at high redshift do not satisfy the stability criterion, or that the adopted parametrization of the specific star formation rate and molecular properties fail at high redshift.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/610/A14
- Title:
- ASASSN-15lh MUSE host spectroscopy
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/610/A14
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The progenitors of astronomical transients are linked to a specific stellar population and galactic environment, and observing their host galaxies hence constrains the physical nature of the transient itself. Here, we use imaging from the Hubble Space Telescope, and spatially resolved, medium-resolution spectroscopy from the Very Large Telescope obtained with X-shooter and MUSE to study the host of the very luminous transient ASASSN-15lh. The dominant stellar population at the transient site is old (around 1 to 2Gyr) without signs of recent star formation. We also detect emission from ionized gas, originating from three different, time invariable, narrow components of collisionally excited metal and Balmer lines. The ratios of emission lines in the Baldwin-Phillips-Terlevich diagnostic diagram indicate that the ionization source is a weak active galactic nucleus with a black hole mass of M_BH_=5_-3_^+8^x10^8^M_{sun}_, derived through the M*-{sigma} relation. The narrow line components show spatial and velocity offsets on scales of 1kpc and 500km/s, respectively; these offsets are best explained by gas kinematics in the narrow-line region. The location of the central component, which we argue is also the position of the supermassive black hole, aligns with that of the transient within an uncertainty of 170pc. Using this positional coincidence as well as other similarities with the hosts of tidal disruption events, we strengthen the argument that the transient emission observed as ASASSN-15lh is related to the disruption of a star around a supermassive black hole, most probably spinning with a Kerr parameter a_BH_>=0.5.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/518/656
- Title:
- ASCA Large Sky Survey
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/518/656
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We carried out the first wide-area unbiased survey with the ASCA satellite in the 0.7-10keV band around a north Galactic-pole region covering a continuous area of 7deg^2^ (Large Sky Survey; LSS). To make the best use of ASCA's capabilities, we developed a new source-detection method in which the complicated detector responses are fully taken into account. Applying this method to the entire LSS data independently in the total (0.7-7keV), hard (2-10keV), and soft (0.7-2keV) bands, we detected 107 sources altogether, with sensitivity limits of 6x10^-14^ (0.7-7keV), 1x10^-13^ (2-10keV), and 2x10^-14^ergs/s/cm^2^ (0.7-2keV), respectively. A complete list of the detected sources is presented.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/806/95
- Title:
- A search for ultra-compact HVC counterparts
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/806/95
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report five Local Volume dwarf galaxies (two of which are presented here for the first time) uncovered during a comprehensive archival search for optical counterparts to ultra-compact high-velocity clouds (UCHVCs). The UCHVC population of HI clouds are thought to be candidate gas-rich, low-mass halos at the edge of the Local Group and beyond, but no comprehensive search for stellar counterparts to these systems has been presented. Careful visual inspection of all publicly available optical and ultraviolet imaging at the position of the UCHVCs revealed six blue, diffuse counterparts with a morphology consistent with a faint dwarf galaxy beyond the Local Group. Optical spectroscopy of all six candidate dwarf counterparts show that five have an H{alpha}-derived velocity consistent with the coincident HI cloud, confirming their association; the sixth diffuse counterpart is likely a background object. The size and luminosity of the UCHVC dwarfs is consistent with other known Local Volume dwarf irregular galaxies. The gas fraction (M_HI_/M_star_) of the five dwarfs are generally consistent with that of dwarf irregular galaxies in the Local Volume, although ALFALFA-Dw1 (associated with ALFALFA UCHVC HVC274.68+74.70-123) has a very high M_HI_/M_star_~40. Despite the heterogeneous nature of our search, we demonstrate that the current dwarf companions to UCHVCs are at the edge of detectability due to their low surface brightness, and that deeper searches are likely to find more stellar systems. If more sensitive searches do not reveal further stellar counterparts to UCHVCs, then the dearth of such systems around the Local Group may be in conflict with {Lambda}CDM simulations.