- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/564/A94
- Title:
- CIG sample 3-dimensional environment
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/564/A94
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a study of the 3-dimensional environment for a sample of 386 galaxies in the Catalogue of Isolated Galaxies (CIG, Karachentseva 1973) using the Ninth Data Release of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS-DR9). We aim to identify and quantify the effects of the satellite distribution around a sample of galaxies in the CIG, as well as the effects of the Large Scale Structure (LSS). To recover the physically bound galaxies we first focus on the satellites which are within the escape speed of each CIG galaxy. We also propose a more conservative method using the stacked Gaussian distribution of the velocity difference of the neighbours. The tidal strengths affecting the primary galaxy are estimated to quantify the effects of the local and LSS environments. We also define the projected number density parameter at the fifth nearest neighbour to characterise the LSS around the CIG galaxies. Out of the 386 CIG galaxies considered in this study, at least 340 (88% of the sample) have no physically linked satellite. Following the more conservative Gaussian distribution of physical satellites around the CIG galaxies leads to upper limits. Out of the 386 CIG galaxies, 327 (85% of the sample) have no physical companion within a projected distance of 0.3Mpc. The CIG galaxies are distributed following the LSS of the local Universe, although presenting a large heterogeneity in their degree of connection with it. When present around a CIG galaxy, the effect of physically bound galaxies largely dominates (usually by more than 90%) the tidal strengths generated by the LSS. The CIG samples a variety of environments, from galaxies with physical satellites to galaxies with no neighbours within 3Mpc. A clear segregation appears between early-type CIG galaxies with companions and isolated late-type CIG galaxies. Isolated galaxies are in general bluer, with likely younger stellar populations and rather high star formation with respect to older, redder CIG galaxies with companions. Reciprocally, the satellites are redder and with an older stellar populations around massive early-type CIG galaxies, while they have a younger stellar content around massive late-type CIG galaxies. This suggests that the CIG is composed of a heterogeneous population of galaxies, sampling from old to more recent, dynamical systems of galaxies. CIG galaxies with companions might have a mild tendency (0.3-0.4dex) to be more massive, and may indicate a higher frequency of having suffered a merger in the past.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/845/96
- Title:
- [CII] emission in the ISM of 20 nearby galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/845/96
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The [CII]158{mu}m fine-structure line is the brightest emission line observed in local star-forming galaxies. As a major coolant of the gas-phase interstellar medium, [CII] balances the heating, including that due to far- ultraviolet photons, which heat the gas via the photoelectric effect. However, the origin of [CII] emission remains unclear because C+ can be found in multiple phases of the interstellar medium. Here we measure the fractions of [CII] emission originating in the ionized and neutral gas phases of a sample of nearby galaxies. We use the [NII]205{mu}m fine-structure line to trace the ionized medium, thereby eliminating the strong density dependence that exists in the ratio of [CII]/[NII]122{mu}m. Using the FIR [CII] and [NII] emission detected by the KINGFISH (Key Insights on Nearby Galaxies: a Far- Infrared Survey with Herschel) and Beyond the Peak Herschel programs, we show that 60%-80% of [CII] emission originates from neutral gas. We find that the fraction of [CII] originating in the neutral medium has a weak dependence on dust temperature and the surface density of star formation, and has a stronger dependence on the gas-phase metallicity. In metal-rich environments, the relatively cooler ionized gas makes substantially larger contributions to total [CII] emission than at low abundance, contrary to prior expectations. Approximate calibrations of this metallicity trend are provided.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/814/L6
- Title:
- CIII] emission in near & far star-forming galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/814/L6
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We measure [C III] 1907, C III] 1909{AA} emission lines in 11 gravitationally lensed star-forming galaxies at z~1.6-3, finding much lower equivalent widths than previously reported for fainter lensed galaxies. While it is not yet clear what causes some galaxies to be strong C III] emitters, C III] emission is not a universal property of distant star-forming galaxies. We also examine C III] emission in 46 star-forming galaxies in the local universe, using archival spectra from GHRS, FOS, and STIS on HST and IUE. Twenty percent of these local galaxies show strong C III] emission, with equivalent widths <-5{AA}. Three nearby galaxies show C III] emission equivalent widths as large as the most extreme emitters yet observed in the distant universe; all three are Wolf-Rayet galaxies. At all redshifts, strong C III] emission may pick out low-metallicity galaxies experiencing intense bursts of star formation. Such local C iii] emitters may shed light on the conditions of star formation in certain extreme high-redshift galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/609/A130
- Title:
- [CII] luminosities of galaxies in G.A.S.+Cloudy
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/609/A130
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Gas is a crucial component of galaxies, providing the fuel to form stars, and it is impossible to understand the evolution of galaxies without knowing their gas properties. The [CII] fine structure transition at 158{mu}m is the dominant cooling line of cool interstellar gas, and is the brightest of emission lines from star forming galaxies from FIR through meter wavelengths, almost unaffected by attenuation. With the advent of ALMA and NOEMA, capable of detecting [CII]-line emission in high-redshift galaxies, there has been a growing interest in using the [CII] line as a probe of the physical conditions of the gas in galaxies, and as a star formation rate (SFR) indicator at z>=4. In this paper, we have used a semi-analytical model of galaxy evolution (G.A.S.) combined with the photoionisation code CLOUDY to predict the [CII] luminosity of a large number of galaxies (25,000 at z~=5) at 4<=z<=8. We assumed that the [CII]-line emission originates from photo-dominated regions. At such high redshift, the CMB represents a strong background and we discuss its effects on the luminosity of the [CII] line. We studied the L[CII]-SFR and L[CII]-Zg relations and show that they do not strongly evolve with redshift from z=4 and to z=8. Galaxies with higher [CII] luminosities tend to have higher metallicities and higher star formation rates but the correlations are very broad, with a scatter of about 0.5 and 0.8dex for L[CII]-SFR and L[CII]-Zg, respectively. Our model reproduces the L[CII]-SFR relations observed in high-redshift star-forming galaxies, with [CII] luminosities lower than expected from local L[CII]-SFR relations. Accordingly, the local observed L[CII]-SFR relation does not apply at high-z (z~=5), even when CMB effects are ignored. Our model naturally produces the [CII] deficit (i.e. the decrease of L[CII]/LIR with LIR), which appears to be strongly correlated with the intensity of the radiation field in our simulated galaxies. We then predict the [CII] luminosity function, and show that it has a power law form in the range of L[CII] probed by the model with a slope {alpha}=-1. The slope is not evolving from z=4 to z=8 but the number density of [CII]-emitters decreases by a factor of 20x. We discuss our predictions in the context of current observational estimates on both the differential and cumulative luminosity functions. The outputs from the model are distributed as FITS-formatted files at the CDS.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/846/105
- Title:
- [CII], [OI] and [OIII] line emission from z~6 gal.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/846/105
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Of the almost 40 star-forming galaxies at z>~5 (not counting quasi-stellar objects) observed in [CII] to date, nearly half are either very faint in [CII] or not detected at all, and fall well below expectations based on locally derived relations between star formation rate and [CII] luminosity. This has raised questions as to how reliable [CII] is as a tracer of star formation activity at these epochs and how factors such as metallicity might affect the [CII] emission. Combining cosmological zoom simulations of galaxies with SIGAME (SImulator of GAlaxy Millimeter/submillimeter Emission), we modeled the multiphased interstellar medium (ISM) and its emission in [CII], as well as in [OI] and [OIII], from 30 main-sequence galaxies at z~6 with star formation rates ~3-23M_{sun}_/yr, stellar masses ~(0.7-8)x10^9^M_{sun}_, and metallicities ~(0.1-0.4)xZ_{sun}_. The simulations are able to reproduce the aforementioned [CII] faintness of some normal star-forming galaxy sources at z>=5. In terms of [OI] and [OIII], very few observations are available at z>~5, but our simulations match two of the three existing z>~5 detections of [OIII] and are furthermore roughly consistent with the [OI] and [OIII] luminosity relations with star formation rate observed for local starburst galaxies. We find that the [CII] emission is dominated by the diffuse ionized gas phase and molecular clouds, which on average contribute ~66% and ~27%, respectively. The molecular gas, which constitutes only ~10% of the total gas mass, is thus a more efficient emitter of [CII] than the ionized gas, which makes up ~85% of the total gas mass. A principal component analysis shows that the [CII] luminosity correlates with the star formation activity of a galaxy as well as its average metallicity. The low metallicities of our simulations together with their low molecular gas mass fractions can account for their [CII] faintness, and we suggest that these factors may also be responsible for the [CII]-faint normal galaxies observed at these early epochs.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/591/A33
- Title:
- [CII]158um and [NII]205um IC 342 spectra
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/591/A33
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Atomic fine-structure line emission is a major cooling process in the interstellar medium (ISM). In particular the [CII] 158um line is one of the dominant cooling lines in photon-dominated regions (PDRs). However, it is not confined to PDRs but can also originate from the ionized gas closely surrounding young massive stars. The proportion of the [CII] emission from HII regions relative to that from PDRs can vary significantly. We investigate the question of how much of the [CII] emission in the nucleus of the nearby spiral galaxy IC 342 is contributed by PDRs and by the ionized gas. We examine the spatial variations of starburst/PDR activity and study the correlation of the [CII] line with the [NII] 205um emission line coming exclusively from the HII regions. We present small maps of [CII] 158um and [NII] 205um lines recently observed with the GREAT receiver on board SOFIA. We present different methods to utilize the superior spatial and spectral resolution of our new data to infer information on how the gas kinematics in the nuclear region influence the observed line profiles. In particular we present a super-resolution method to derive how unresolved, kinematically correlated structures in the beam contribute to the observed line shapes.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/774/68
- Title:
- [CII]157.7um feature in LIRGs
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/774/68
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first results of a survey of the [CII]157.7{mu}m emission line in 241 luminous infrared galaxies (LIRGs) comprising the Great Observatories All-sky LIRG Survey (GOALS) sample, obtained with the PACS instrument on board the Herschel Space Observatory. The [CII] luminosities, L_[CII]_, of the LIRGs in GOALS range from ~10^7^ to 2x10^9^L_{sun}_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/549/A139
- Title:
- Circinus galaxy CRIRES observations
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/549/A139
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present new CRIRES spectroscopic observations of the Br{gamma} emission line in the nuclear region of the Circinus galaxy, obtained with the aim of measuring the black hole (BH) mass with the spectroastrometric technique. The Circinus galaxy is an ideal benchmark for the spectroastrometric technique given its proximity and secure BH measurement obtained with the observation of its nuclear H_2_O maser disk. The kinematical data have been analyzed both with the classical method based on the analysis of the rotation curves and with the new method developed by us that is based on spectroastrometry. The classical method indicates that the gas disk rotates in a gravitational potential resulting from an extended stellar mass distribution and a spatially unresolved dynamical mass of (1.7+/-0.2)x10^7^M_{sun}_, concentrated within r<7pc, corresponding to the seeing-limited resolution of the observations. The new method is capable of probing the gas rotation at scales that are a factor ~3.5 smaller than those probed by the rotation curve analysis, highlighting the potential of spectroastrometry. The dynamical mass, which is spatially unresolved with the spectroastrometric method, is a factor ~2 smaller, 7.9^+1.4^_-1.1_x10^6^M_{sun}_, indicating that spectroastrometry has been able to spatially resolve the nuclear mass distribution down to 2 pc scales. This unresolved mass is still a factor ~4.5 larger than the BH mass measurement obtained with the H_2_O maser emission, indicating that even with spectroastrometry, it has not been possible to resolve the sphere of influence of the BH. Based on literature data, this spatially unresolved dynamical mass distribution is likely dominated by warm molecular gas and has been tentatively identified with the circum-nuclear torus that prevents a direct view of the central BH in Circinus. This mass distribution, with a size of ~2pc, is similar in shape to that of the star cluster of the Milky Way, suggesting that a molecular torus, forming stars at a high rate, might be the earlier evolutionary stage of the nuclear star clusters that are common in late-type spirals.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/146/353
- Title:
- Circumnuclear dust in galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/146/353
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The detailed morphology of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the central kiloparsec of galaxies is controlled by pressure and gravitation. The combination of these forces shapes both circumnuclear star formation and the growth of the central, supermassive black hole. We present visible and near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope images and color maps of 123 nearby galaxies that show the distribution of the cold ISM, as traced by dust, with excellent spatial resolution. These observations reveal that nuclear dust spirals are found in the majority of active and inactive galaxies and they possess a wide range in coherence, symmetry, and pitch angle. We have used this large sample to develop a classification system for circumnuclear dust structures.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/451/3173
- Title:
- Circumnuclear star-forming regions
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/451/3173
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present photometry in U, B, V, R and I continuum bands and in H{alpha} and H{beta} emission lines for a sample of 336 circumnuclear star-forming regions located in early-type spiral galaxies with different levels of activity in their nuclei. They are nearby galaxies, with distances less than 100Mpc, 60 per cent of which are considered as interacting objects. This survey of 20 nuclear rings aims to provide insight into their star formation properties as age, stellar population and star formation rate. Extinction-corrected H{alpha} luminosities range from 1.3x10^38^ to 4x10^41^erg/s, with most of the regions showing values between 39.5<=logL_H{alpha}_<=40, which implies masses for the ionizing clusters higher than 2x10^5^M_{sun}_. H{alpha} and H{beta} images have allowed us to obtain an accurate measure of extinction. We have found an average value of A_V_=1.85 mag. (U-B) colour follows a two maximum distribution around (U-B)=~-0.7, and -0.3; (R-I) also presents a bimodal behaviour, with maximum values of 0.6 and 0.9. Reddest (U-B) and (R-I) regions appear in non-interacting galaxies. Reddest (R-I) regions lie in strongly barred galaxies. For a significant number of HII regions, the observed colours and equivalent widths are not well reproduced by single burst evolutionary theoretical models.