- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/154/87
- Title:
- Stellar population of the young star cluster NGC 6231
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/154/87
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- NGC 6231 is a young cluster (age ~2-7 Myr) dominating the Sco OB1 association (distance ~1.59 kpc) with ~100 O and B stars and a large pre-main-sequence stellar population. We combine a reanalysis of archival Chandra X-ray data with multiepoch near-infrared (NIR) photometry from the VISTA Variables in the Via Lactea (VVV) survey and published optical catalogs to obtain a catalog of 2148 probable cluster members. This catalog is 70% larger than previous censuses of probable cluster members in NGC 6231. It includes many low-mass stars detected in the NIR but not in the optical and some B stars without previously noted X-ray counterparts. In addition, we identify 295 NIR variables, about half of which are expected to be pre-main-sequence stars. With the more complete sample, we estimate a total population in the Chandra field of 5700-7500 cluster members down to 0.08 M_{sun}_ (assuming a universal initial mass function) with a completeness limit at 0.5 M_{sun}_. A decrease in stellar X-ray luminosities is noted relative to other younger clusters. However, within the cluster, there is little variation in the distribution of X-ray luminosities for ages less than 5 Myr. The X-ray spectral hardness for B stars may be useful for distinguishing between early-B stars with X-rays generated in stellar winds and B-star systems with X-rays from a pre-main-sequence companion (>35% of B stars). A small fraction of catalog members have unusually high X-ray median energies or reddened NIR colors, which might be explained by absorption from thick or edge-on disks or being background field stars.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/649/A93
- Title:
- Stellar populations of NGC 3311
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/649/A93
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Massive early-type galaxies are believed to be the end result of an extended mass accretion history. The stars formed in situ, very early during the initial phase of the assembly, might have originated from an extremely intense and rapid burst of star formation. These stars may still be found within the cores of such galaxies at z=0, depending on their accretion and merger histories. We wish to investigate the presence of a surviving high-z compact progenitor component in the brightest galaxy of the Hydra~I cluster, NGC~3311, by mapping its 2D kinematics and stellar population out to 2 effective radii. Our goal is to understand the formation of its several structural components and trace their mass assembly back in time. We combine MUSE observations, a customized and extended version of the state-of-the-art EMILES single stellar population models, and a newly developed parametric fully Bayesian framework to model the observed spectra using full-spectrum fitting. We present 2D maps, as well as radial profiles, of the stellar velocity dispersion, age, total metallicity, {alpha}-element, sodium abundance ([Na/Fe]), and the initial mass function slope. All properties have significant gradients, confirming the existence of multiple structural components, also including a "blue spot" characterized by younger and metal-richer stars. We find that the component dominating the light budget of NGC 3311 within R<2.0kpc, is the surviving z=0 analogue of a high-z compact core, according to the definition of Pulsoni et al. (2021). This concentrated structure has a relatively small velocity dispersion (sigma~180km/s), is very old (ages~11Gyr), metal-rich ([Z/H]~0.2 and [Na/Fe]~0.4), and has a bottom-heavy IMF (with slope Gamma_b_~2.4). In the outer region, instead, the line-of-sight velocity distribution becomes increasingly broader, and the stars have younger age. They are also metal and sodium poorer but {alpha}-element richer. The low-mass end of the IMF slope becomes Chabrier-like with increasing galactocentric distances. The existence of multiple structural components in NGC 3311 from photometry, kinematics, and stellar populations confirms the predictions from the two-phase formation scenario for NGC 3311, according to which a first very short, high-z star formation episode formed a compact stellar structure in its core, which then grew in size by the extended mass assembly of relatively massive satellites. Interestingly, the outer stellar population has an overabundant [alpha/Fe], most likely because NGC 3311, located at the center of the galaxy cluster, accreted stars from rapidly quenched satellites.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/589/A139
- Title:
- Stellar populations of NGC 3311
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/589/A139
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The history of the mass assembly of brightest cluster galaxies may be studied by mapping the stellar populations at large radial distances from the galaxy centre, where the dynamical times are long and preserve the chemodynamical signatures of the accretion events. To provide extended and robust measurements of the stellar population parameters in NGC 3311, the cD galaxy at the centre of the Hydra I cluster, and out to three effective radius. We wish to characterise the processes that drove the build up of the stellar light at all these radii. We obtained the spectra from several regions in NGC 3311 covering an area of ~3arcmin^2^ in the wavelength range 4800<lambda({AA})<5800, using the FORS2 spectrograph at the Very Large Telescope in the MXU mode. We measured the equivalent width of seven absorption-features defined in the Lick/IDS system, which were modelled by single stellar populations, to provide luminosity-weighted ages, metallicities, and alpha element abundances. The trends in the Lick indices and the distribution of the stellar population parameters indicate that the stars of NGC3311 may be divided in two radial regimes, one within and the another beyond one effective radius, R_e_=8.4kpc, similar to the distinction between the inner galaxy and the external halo derived from the NGC3311 velocity dispersion profile. The inner galaxy (R<R_e_) is old (age ~14Gyr), has negative metallicity gradients and positive alpha element gradients. The external halo is also very old, but has a negative age gradient. The metal and element abundances of the external halo both have a large scatter, indicating that stars from a variety of satellites with different masses have been accreted. The region in the extended halo associated with the off-centred envelope at 0<P.A.({deg})<90 (Arnaboldi et al., 2012A&A...545A..37A) has higher metallicity with respect to the symmetric external halo. The different stellar populations in the inner galaxy and extended halo reflect the dominance of in situ stars in the former and the accreted origin for the large majority of the stars in the latter. The low value of the velocity dispersion in the inner galaxy indicates that its stars are bound to the galaxy's gravitational potential, and the abundances and gradients suggest that the inner galaxy is formed in an outside-in scenario of merging gas-rich lumps, reminiscent of the first phase of galaxy formation. The external halo has a higher velocity dispersion, it is dynamically hotter than the galaxy and its stars are gravitationally driven by the cluster's gravitational potential. The stars in the external halo were removed from their parent galaxies, either disks with truncated star formation, or the outer regions of early-type galaxies. Late mass accretion at large radii is now coming from the tidal stripping of stars from dwarfs and S0 galaxies. These results provide supporting evidence for the recent theoretical models of formation of massive ellipticals as a two-phase process.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/608/A148
- Title:
- Stellar populations towards Orion with Gaia DR1
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/608/A148
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In this work we use the first data release of the Gaia mission to explore the three-dimensional arrangement and age ordering of the many stellar groups toward the Orion OB association, aiming at a new classification and characterization of the stellar population not embedded in the Orion A and B molecular clouds. We make use of the parallaxes and proper motions provided in the Tycho Gaia Astrometric Solution (TGAS) subset of the Gaia Data Release 1 (DR1) catalog and of the combination of Gaia DR1 and 2MASS photometry. In TGAS, we find evidence for the presence of a young population at a parallax {varpi}~2.65mas, which is loosely distributed around the following known clusters: 25 Ori, {epsilon} Ori, and {sigma} Ori, and NGC 1980 ({iota} Ori) and the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC). The low mass counterpart of this population is visible in the color magnitude diagrams constructed by combining Gaia DR1 G-band photometry and 2MASS. We study the density distribution of the young sources in the sky using a kernel density estimation (KDE). We find the same groups as in TGAS and also some other density enhancements that might be related to the recently discovered Orion X group, Orion dust ring, and {lambda} Ori complex. The maps also suggest that the 25 Ori group presents a northern elongation.We estimated the ages of this population using a Bayesian isochronal fitting procedure assuming a unique parallax value for all the sources, and we inferred the presence of an age gradient going from 25 Ori (13-15Myr) to the ONC (1-2Myr). We confirmed this age ordering by repeating the Bayesian fit using the Pan-STARRS1 data. Intriguingly, the estimated ages toward the NGC 1980 cluster span a broad range of values. This can either be due to the presence of two populations coming from two different episodes of star formation or to a large spread along the line of sight of the same population. Some confusion might arise from the presence of unresolved binaries, which are not modeled in the fit, and usually mimic a younger population. Finally, we provisionally relate the stellar groups to the gas and dust features in Orion. Our results form the first step toward using Gaia data to unravel the complex star formation history of the Orion region in terms of the various star formation episodes, their duration, and their effects on the surrounding interstellar medium.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/234/35
- Title:
- Stellar population synthesis of clumps
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/234/35
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have identified 1027 star-forming complexes in a sample of 46 galaxies from the Spirals, Bridges, and Tails (SB&T) sample of interacting galaxies, and 693 star-forming complexes in a sample of 38 non-interacting spiral (NIS) galaxies in 8{mu}m observations from the Spitzer Infrared Array Camera. We have used archival multi-wavelength UV-to IR observations to fit the observed spectral energy distribution of our clumps with the Code Investigating GALaxy Emission using a double exponentially declined star formation history. We derive the star formation rates (SFRs), stellar masses, ages and fractions of the most recent burst, dust attenuation, and fractional emission due to an active galactic nucleus for these clumps. The resolved star formation main sequence holds on 2.5kpc scales, although it does not hold on 1kpc scales. We analyzed the relation between SFR, stellar mass, and age of the recent burst in the SB&T and NIS samples, and we found that the SFR per stellar mass is higher in the SB&T galaxies, and the clumps are younger in the galaxy pairs. We analyzed the SFR radial profile and found that the SFR is enhanced through the disk and in the tidal features relative to normal spirals.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/156/217
- Title:
- Stellar properties for M dwarfs in MEarth-South
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/156/217
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Stellar rotation periods are valuable both for constraining models of angular momentum loss and for understanding how magnetic features impact inferences of exoplanet parameters. Building on our previous work in the northern hemisphere, we have used long-term, ground-based photometric monitoring from the MEarth Observatory to measure 234 rotation periods for nearby, southern hemisphere M dwarfs. Notable examples include the exoplanet hosts GJ 1132, LHS 1140, and Proxima Centauri. We find excellent agreement between our data and K2 photometry for the overlapping subset. Among the sample of stars with the highest quality data sets, we recover periods in 66%; as the length of the data set increases, our recovery rate approaches 100%. The longest rotation periods we detect are around 140 days, which we suggest represent the periods that are reached when M dwarfs are as old as the local thick disk (about 9 Gyr).
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/733/L9
- Title:
- Stellar rotation for 71 NGC 6811 members
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/733/L9
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present rotation periods for 71 single dwarf members of the open cluster NGC 6811 determined using photometry from NASA's Kepler mission. The results are the first from The Kepler Cluster Study, which combines Kepler's photometry with ground-based spectroscopy for cluster membership and binarity. The rotation periods delineate a tight sequence in the NGC 6811 color-period diagram from ~1 day at mid-F to ~11 days at early-K spectral type. This result extends to 1Gyr similar prior results in the ~600Myr Hyades and Praesepe clusters, suggesting that rotation periods for cool dwarf stars delineate a well-defined surface in the three-dimensional space of color (mass), rotation, and age. It implies that reliable ages can be derived for field dwarf stars with measured colors and rotation periods, and it promises to enable further understanding of various aspects of stellar rotation and activity for cool stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/413/2218
- Title:
- Stellar rotation in Hyades and Praesepe
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/413/2218
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of photometric surveys for stellar rotation in the Hyades and in Praesepe, using data obtained as part of the SuperWASP exoplanetary transit-search programme. We determined accurate rotation periods for more than 120 sources whose cluster membership was confirmed by common proper motion and colour-magnitude fits to the clusters' isochrones. This allowed us to determine the effect of magnetic braking on a wide range of spectral types for expected ages of ~600Myr for the Hyades and Praesepe. Both clusters show a tight and nearly linear relation between J-Ks colour and rotation period in the F, G and K spectral range. This confirms that loss of angular momentum was significant enough that stars with strongly different initial rotation rates have converged to the same rotation period for a given mass, by the ages of Hyades and Praesepe.
3569. Stellar rotation in M35
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/695/679
- Title:
- Stellar rotation in M35
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/695/679
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a five month photometric time-series survey for stellar rotation over a 40'x40' field centered on the 150Myr open cluster M35 (=NGC 2168). We report rotation periods for 441 stars within this field and determine their cluster membership and binarity based on a decade-long radial velocity survey, proper-motion measurements, and multiband photometric observations. We find that 310 of the stars with measured rotation periods are late-type members of M35. The distribution of rotation periods for cluster members span more than 2 orders of magnitude from ~0.1 to 15 days, not constrained by the sampling frequency and the timespan of the survey. With an age between the zero-age main sequence and the Hyades, and with ~6 times more rotation periods than measured in the Pleiades, M35 permit detailed studies of early rotational evolution of late-type stars. Nearly 80% of the 310 rotators lie on two distinct sequences in the color-period plane, and define clear relations between stellar rotation period and color (mass). The M35 color-period diagram enables us to determine timescales for the transition between the two rotational states, of ~60Myr and ~140Myr for G and K dwarfs, respectively.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/134/2398
- Title:
- Stellar SEDs in SDSS and 2MASS filters
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/134/2398
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) are rich resources for studying stellar astrophysics and the structure and formation history of the Galaxy. As new surveys and instruments adopt similar filter sets, it is increasingly important to understand the properties of the ugrizJHKs stellar locus, both to inform studies of "normal" main-sequence stars and enable robust searches for point sources with unusual colors. Using a sample of ~600000 point sources detected by SDSS and 2MASS, we tabulate the position and width of the ugrizJHKs stellar locus as a function of g-i color, and provide accurate polynomial fits. We map the Morgan-Keenan spectral type sequence to the median stellar locus by using synthetic photometry of spectral standards and by analyzing 3000 SDSS stellar spectra with a custom spectral typing pipeline, described in the Appendix to this paper. We develop an algorithm to calculate a point source's minimum separation from the stellar locus in a seven-dimensional color space, and use it to robustly identify objects with unusual colors, as well as spurious SDSS/2MASS matches.
