- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/146/60
- Title:
- X-ray variability in 4U 1735-44
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/146/60
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We analyze the cross-correlation function between the soft and hard X-rays of atoll source 4U 1735-44 with RXTE data, and find anti-correlated soft and hard time lags of about a hecto-second. In the island state, the observations do not show any obvious correlations, and most observations of the banana branch show a positive correlation. However, anti-correlations are detected in the upper banana branch. These results are different from those of Z-sources (Cyg X-2, GX 5-1), where anti-correlations are detected in the horizontal branch and upper normal branch. In this case, the lag timescales of both this atoll and Z-sources are found to be similar, at a magnitude of several tens to hundreds of seconds. As a comparison, it is noted that anti-correlated lags lasting thousands of seconds have been reported from several black hole candidates in their intermediate states. In addition, for an observation containing four segments that show positive or anti-correlation, we analyze the spectral evolution with the hybrid model. In the observation, the anti-correlation is detected at the highest flux. The fitting results show that the Comptonized component is not the lowest at the highest flux, which suggests that the anti-correlation corresponds to the transition between the soft and hard states. Finally, we compare the corresponding results of atoll source 4U 1735-44 with those observed in Z-sources and black hole candidates, and the possible origins of the anti-correlated time lags are discussed.
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21882. X-ray variability of AGN
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/536/A84
- Title:
- X-ray variability of AGN
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/536/A84
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The X-ray variability of the active galactic nuclei (AGN) has been most often investigated with studies of individual, nearby sources, and only a few ensemble analyses have been applied to large samples in wide ranges of luminosity and redshift. We aim to determine the ensemble variability properties of two serendipitously selected AGN samples extracted from the catalogues of XMM-Newton and Swift, with redshift between ~0.2 and ~4.5, and X-ray luminosities, in the 0.5-4.5keV band, between ~10^43^erg/s and ~10^46^erg/s. We used the structure function (SF), which operates in the time domain, and allows for an ensemble analysis even when only a few observations are available for individual sources and the power spectral density (PSD) cannot be derived. The SF is also more appropriate than fractional variability and excess variance, because these parameters are biased by the duration of the monitoring time interval in the rest-frame, and therefore by cosmological time dilation.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/487/475
- Title:
- X-ray variability of AGNs in Lockman Hole
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/487/475
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results from a detailed X-ray variability analysis of 66 AGN in the Lockman Hole, which have optical spectroscopic identifications. We compare, quantitatively, their variability properties with the properties of local AGN, and we study the "variability - luminosity" relation as a function of redshift, and the "variability - redshift" relation in two luminosity bins. We use archival data from the last 10 XMM-Newton observations of the Lockman Hole field to extract light curves in the rest frame, 2-10keV band. We use the "normalized excess variance" to quantify the variability amplitude. Using the latest results regarding the AGN power spectral shape and its dependence on black hole mass and accretion rate, we are able to compute model "variability - luminosity" curves, which we compare with the relations we observe. When we consider all the sources in our sample, we find that their variability amplitude decreases with increasing redshift and luminosity.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/555/A65
- Title:
- X-ray variability of M31 central field
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/555/A65
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The central field of the Andromeda galaxy (M31) was monitored from 2006 to 2012 using the Chandra HRC-I detector (about 0.1-10keV energy range) with the main aim of detecting X-rays from optical novae. We present a systematic analysis of all X-ray sources found in the 41 nova monitoring observations, along with 23 M31 central field HRC-I observations available from the Chandra data archive starting in December 1999. Based on these observations, we studied the X-ray long-term variability of the source population and especially of X-ray binaries in M31. We created a catalogue of sources detected in the 64 available observations that adds up to a total exposure time of about 1Ms. To study the variability, we developed a processing pipeline to derive long-term Chandra HRC-I light curves for each source over the 13 years of observations. We also searched for extended X-ray sources in the merged images. We present a point-source catalogue containing 318 X-ray sources with detailed long-term variability information, 28 of which are published for the first time. The spatial and temporal resolution of the catalogue allows us to classify 115 X-ray binary candidates showing high X-ray variability or even outbursts, as well as 14 globular cluster X-ray binary candidates showing no significant variability. The analysis may suggest that outburst sources are less frequent in globular clusters than in the field of M31. We detected seven supernova remnants, one of which is a new candidate, and also resolved the first X-rays from a known radio supernova remnant. In addition to 33 known optical nova/X-ray source correlations, we discovered one previously unknown super-soft X-ray outburst and several new nova candidates. The catalogue contains a large sample of detailed long-term X-ray light curves in the M31 central field, which helps in understanding the X-ray population of our neighbouring spiral galaxy M31.
21885. X-ray view of IC348
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/537/A135
- Title:
- X-ray view of IC348
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/537/A135
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- IC348 is a nearby (~310pc), young (~2-3Myr) open cluster with >300 members identified from optical and infrared observations. We study the properties of the coronae of the young low-mass stars in IC348 combining X-ray and optical/infrared data. The four existing Chandra observations of IC348 are merged, thus providing a deeper and spatially more complete X-ray view than previous X-ray studies of the cluster. We have compiled a comprehensive catalog of IC348 members taking into account recent updates to the cluster census. Our data collection comprises fundamental stellar parameters, infrared excess indicating the presence of disks, Halpha emission as a tracer of chromospheric emission or accretion and mass accretion rates. We have detected 290 X-ray sources in four merged Chandra exposures, of which 187 are associated with known cluster members corresponding to a detection rate of ~60% for the cluster members of IC348 identified in optical/infrared studies. According to the most recent spectral classification of IC348 members only four of the X-ray sources are brown dwarfs (spectral type M6 and later). The detection rate is highest for diskless Class III stars and increases with stellar mass. This may be explained with higher X-ray luminosities for higher mass and later evolutionary stage that is evident in the X-ray luminosity functions. In particular, we find that for the lowest examined masses (0.1-0.25 Msun) there is a difference between the X-ray luminosity functions of accreting and non-accreting stars (classified on the basis of their Halpha emission strength) as well as those of disk-bearing and diskless stars (classified on the basis of the slope of the spectral energy distribution). These differences disappear for higher masses. This is related to our finding that the Lx/Lbol ratio is non-constant across the mass/luminosity sequence of IC348 with a decrease towards lower luminosity stars. Our analysis of an analogous stellar sample in the Orion Nebula Cluster suggests that the decline of Lx/Lbol for young stars at the low-mass end of the stellar sequence is likely universal.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/373/438
- Title:
- X-ray view of M33 after ROSAT
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/373/438
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Table2 contains the catalogue of X-ray sources in M 33 detected in ROSAT observations. X-ray properties and results from cross-correlations with other catalogues are listed. The total number of sources is 184.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/139/1066
- Title:
- X-ray view of NGC 2403 central region
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/139/1066
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Archival Chandra observations are used to study the X-ray emission associated with star formation in the central region of the nearby SAB(s)cd galaxy NGC 2403. The distribution of X-ray emission is compared to the morphology visible at other wavelengths using complementary Spitzer, Galaxy Evolution Explorer, and ground-based H{alpha} imagery.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/900/141
- Title:
- X-ray weak quasars from SDSS & Chandra
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/900/141
- Date:
- 02 Feb 2022 13:37:44
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We investigate systematically the X-ray emission from type 1 quasars using a sample of 1825 Sloan Digital Sky Survey non-broad absorption line (non-BAL) quasars with Chandra archival observations. A significant correlation is found between the X-ray-to-optical power-law slope parameter ({alpha}_OX_) and the 2500{AA} monochromatic luminosity (L_2500{AA}_), and the X-ray weakness of a quasar is assessed via the deviation of its {alpha}_OX_ value from that expected from this relation. We demonstrate the existence of a population of non-BAL X-ray-weak quasars, and the fractions of quasars that are X-ray weak by factors of >=6 and >=10 are 5.8%+/-0.7% and 2.7%+/-0.5%, respectively. We classify X-ray-weak quasars (X-ray weak by factors of >=6) into three categories based on their optical spectral features: weak emission-line quasars (WLQs; CIV rest-frame equivalent width <16{AA}), red quasars ({Delta}(g-i)>0.2), and unclassified X-ray-weak quasars. The X-ray-weak fraction of 35_-9_^+12^% within the WLQ population is significantly higher than that within non-WLQs, confirming previous findings that WLQs represent one population of X-ray-weak quasars. The X-ray-weak fraction of 13_-3_^+5^% within the red quasar population is also considerably higher than that within the normal quasar population. The unclassified X-ray-weak quasars do not have unusual optical spectral features, and their X-ray weakness may be mainly related to quasar X-ray variability.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/766/19
- Title:
- XRB population synthesis models in 0<z<20 galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/766/19
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Emission from X-ray binaries (XRBs) is a major component of the total X-ray luminosity of normal galaxies, so X-ray studies of high-redshift galaxies allow us to probe the formation and evolution of XRBs on very long timescales (~10Gyr). In this paper, we present results from large-scale population synthesis models of binary populations in galaxies from z=0 to ~20. We use as input into our modeling the Millennium II Cosmological Simulation and the updated semi-analytic galaxy catalog by Guo et al. (2011MNRAS.413..101G) to self-consistently account for the star formation history (SFH) and metallicity evolution of each galaxy. We run a grid of 192 models, varying all the parameters known from previous studies to affect the evolution of XRBs. We use our models and observationally derived prescriptions for hot gas emission to create theoretical galaxy X-ray luminosity functions (XLFs) for several redshift bins. Models with low common envelope efficiencies, a 50% twins mass ratio distribution, a steeper initial mass function exponent, and high stellar wind mass-loss rates best match observational results from Tzanavaris & Georgantopoulos, though they significantly underproduce bright early-type and very bright (L_x_>10^41^) late-type galaxies. These discrepancies are likely caused by uncertainties in hot gas emission and SFHs, active galactic nucleus contamination, and a lack of dynamically formed low-mass XRBs. In our highest likelihood models, we find that hot gas emission dominates the emission for most bright galaxies. We also find that the evolution of the normal galaxy X-ray luminosity density out to z=4 is driven largely by XRBs in galaxies with X-ray luminosities between 10^40^ and 10^41^erg/s.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/741/86
- Title:
- XRBs and star clusters in NGC 4449
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/741/86
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present 23 candidate X-ray binaries with luminosities down to 1.8x10^36^erg/s, in the nearby starburst galaxy NGC 4449, from observations totaling 105ks taken with the ACIS-S instrument on the Chandra Space Telescope. We determine count rates, luminosities, and colors for each source, and perform spectral fits for sources with sufficient counts. We also compile a new catalog of 129 compact star clusters in NGC 4449 from high-resolution, multi-band optical images taken with the Hubble Space Telescope, doubling the number of clusters known in this galaxy. The UBVI, H{alpha} luminosities of each cluster are compared with predictions from stellar evolution models to estimate their ages and masses. We find strong evidence for a population of very young massive, black hole binaries, which comprise nearly 50% of the detected X-ray binaries in NGC 4449. Approximately a third of these remain within their parent star clusters, which formed {tau}<=6-8Myr ago, while others have likely been ejected from their parent clusters. We also find evidence for a population of somewhat older X-ray binaries, including both supergiant and Be-binaries, which appear to be associated with somewhat older {tau}~100-400Myr star clusters, and one X-ray binary in an ancient ({tau}~10Gyr) globular cluster. Our results suggest that detailed information on star clusters can significantly improve constraints on X-ray binary populations in star-forming galaxies.
