- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/551/A43
- Title:
- AFGL 2591 multi-wavelength maps
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/551/A43
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- While it is currently unclear from a theoretical standpoint which forces and processes dominate the formation of high-mass stars, and hence determine the mode in which they form, much of the recent observational evidence suggests that massive stars are born in a similar manner to their low-mass counterparts. This paper aims to investigate the hypothesis that the embedded luminous star AFGL 2591-VLA 3 (2.3E+5L_{sun}_ at 3.33kpc) is forming according to a scaled-up version of a low-mass star formation scenario. We present multi-configuration Very Large Array 3.6cm and 7mm, as well as Combined Array for Research in Millimeter Astronomy C^18^O and 3mm continuum observations to investigate the morphology and kinematics of the ionized gas, dust, and molecular gas around AFGL 2591. We also compare our results to ancillary Gemini North near-IR images, and model the near-IR to sub-mm Spectral Energy distribution (SED) and Two Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) image profiles of AFGL 2591 using a Monte-Carlo dust continuum radiative transfer code. The observed 3.6 cm images uncover for the first time that the central powering source AFGL 2591-VLA 3 has a compact core plus collimated jet morphology, extending 4000AU eastward from the central source with an opening angle of <10{deg} at this radius. However, at 7mm VLA 3 does not show a jet morphology, but instead compact (< 500AU) emission, some of which (<0.57mJy of 2.9mJy) is estimated to be from dust emission. The spectral index of AFGL 2591-VLA 3 between 3.6cm and 7mm was found to be between 0.4 and 0.5, similar to that of an ionized wind. If the 3.6cm emission is modelled as an ionized jet, the jet has almost enough momentum to drive the larger-scale flow. However, assuming a shock efficiency of 10%, the momentum rate of the jet is not sufficient to ionize itself via only shocks, and thus a significant portion of the emission is instead likely created in a photoionized wind. The C18O emission uncovers dense entrained material in the outflow(s) from these young stars. The main features of the SED and 2MASS images of AFGL 2591-VLA 3 are also reproduced by our model dust geometry of a rotationally flattened envelope with and without a disk. The above results are consistent with a picture of massive star formation similar to that seen for low-mass protostars. However, within its envelope, AFGL 2591-VLA 3 contains at least four other young stars, constituting a small cluster. Therefore it appears that AFGL 2591-VLA 3 may be able to source its accreting material from a shared gas reservoir while still exhibiting the phenomena expected during the formation of low-mass stars.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/117/446
- Title:
- AFGL 5157 near-IR imaging
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/117/446
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present near-infrared images of the star-forming region AFGL 5157 in the JHK broadband filters and H_2_v=1-0S(1) narrowband filter. The images reveal a dense cluster of stars and infrared nebulosities associated with previously known infrared sources. Of 54 near-infrared sources detected in the nebula, NGC 1985, 12 exhibit infrared excesses typical of T Tauri stars, Herbig Ae/Be stars, and protostars. The magnitude and color distribution of the cluster of stars in the nebula are found to be different from those outside the nebular region. The K'-magnitude distribution of the cluster is quite flat, while the noncluster is peaked toward the low magnitude. The [H-K'] color of the cluster also displays 0.3 mag redder than that of the noncluster. The infrared nebula displays a bright nucleus with two spirals extended to the north and south. In light of the color properties of the nebula, we propose a shell model for the nebular structure that could be formed by star-forming activity of the central cluster.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/655/A84
- Title:
- AFGL 2591-VLA 3 IRAM/NOEMA datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/655/A84
- Date:
- 10 Mar 2022 07:32:39
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Increasing evidence suggests that, similar to their low-mass counterparts, high-mass stars form through a disk-mediated accretion process. At the same time, formation of high-mass stars still necessitates high accretion rates, and hence, high gas densities, which in turn can cause disks to become unstable against gravitational fragmentation. We study the kinematics and fragmentation of the disk around the high-mass star forming region AFGL 2591-VLA 3 which was hypothesized to be fragmenting based on the observations that show multiple outflow directions. We use a new set of high-resolution (0.19-arcsec) IRAM/NOEMA observations at 843 micron towards VLA 3 which allow us to resolve its disk, characterize the fragmentation, and study its kinematics. In addition to the 843 micron continuum emission, our spectral setup targets warm dense gas and outflow tracers such as HCN, HC_3_N and SO_2_, as well as vibrationally excited HCN lines. The high resolution continuum and line emission maps reveal multiple fragments with subsolar masses within the inner 1000AU of VLA 3. Furthermore, the velocity field of the inner disk observed at 843 micron shows a similar behavior to that of the larger scale velocity field studied in the CORE project at 1.37mm. We present the first observational evidence for disk fragmentation towards AFGL 2591-VLA 3, a source that was thought to be a single high-mass core. While the fragments themselves are low-mass, the rotation of the disk is dominated by the protostar with a mass of 10.3+/-1.8M_{sun}_. These data also show that NOEMA Band 4 can obtain the highest currently achievable spatial resolution at (sub-)mm wavelengths in observations of strong northern sources.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/VIII/84
- Title:
- A final non-redundant catalogue for 7C 151-MHz survey
- Short Name:
- VIII/84
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a final unified catalogue for the 7C survey at 151 MHz with resolution 70x70cosec(dec) arcsec^2^. This has been constructed by amalgamating the existing catalogues derived from individual fields imaged at this resolution and eliminating redundancy in regions of mutual overlap. This is a non-trivial procedure because the flux in multiple-component sources may be fitted differently on alternative images, owing, for example, to differences in local noise and beam distortion. The final catalogue thus produced contains 43683 sources. Separate final catalogues have been published for the 7C Galactic Plane survey (7CG, see Cat. J/MNRAS/294/607) and the lower-resolution survey of the low-declination strip 9h<RA<16h, 20deg<Dec<35deg (Cat. J/MNRAS/282/779). The individual catalogues for about 40 of the regions contributing to the total have already been published, together with full details of the methodology, in MNRAS or A&AS: Lacy et al. 1995, MNRAS, 276, 614 (=1995MNRAS.276..614L) (#92 below) Visser et al. 1995, A&AS, 110, 419 (=1995A&AS..110..419V) (#93 below) Pooley et al. 1998, MNRAS, 298, 637 (=1998MNRAS.298..637P) (#94-96 below) Riley et al. 1999, MNRAS, 306, 31 (=1999MNRAS.306...31R) (# 1-33 below) and these data are also available via the MRAO website at http://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/surveys/7C/ Individual catalogues for the remaining 58 regions by Riley et al. (#34-91 below) were released electronically via the MRAO website in November 2001. These include a re-analysis of data originally published in rather a different parametrization by McGilchrist et al. 1990, MNRAS, 246, 110 (=1990MNRAS.246..110M) The regions re-analyzed are those numbered #41,44,59,60,62 and 63 below and they supersede McGilchrist's 1990 publication. The RAxDec coverage, average rms noise, flux density of the faintest source listed and completeness limit for each of the individual regions contributing to the final catalogue are given in the table "regions.dat". 1-sigma errors on the listed source positions may be approximated by: RA..error(arcsec) = SQRT(1.0**2 + (32/SNR)**2) Dec.error(arcsec) = Kcosec(dec) x (RA error) where (approx) K= 1.0 around dec 70, increasing to 1.3 below dec 50, and 1-sigma errors on the listed flux densities may be approximated by: Error on S beam-fitted(Jy) = SQRT(0.03**2 + SNR**-2) x S(Jy) Error on SINT(Jy) = 1.5 x SQRT(0.03**2 + SNR**-2) x SINT(Jy) where SNR, S and SINT correspond to the columns denoted by those names in the byte-by-byte description below. For multi-component sources the SNR for the brightest component is used to estimate the SINT error. For further details of the surveys and data analysis procedures please refer to the published papers referenced at the head of this file and references therein.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/212A
- Title:
- A Finding List of Faint UV-Bright Stars
- Short Name:
- II/212A
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- 195 UV-bright stars have been found on two-color 48-inch Schmidt plates centered on the galactic plane, and on one high-latitude plate. This catalog contains sources with (U-B) in the range U-B=0 to U-B=-1.5.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/231
- Title:
- A Finding List of Faint UV-Bright Stars
- Short Name:
- II/231
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The survey lists the very blue objects found on the plates taken for the Sandage Two-Color Survey of the Galactic Plane obtained using the Palomar 48 inch Oschin Schmidt telescope. The sources range in U-B color from U-B~-0.1 to U-B~-1.0 and in magnitude from m_B_~10 to ~20.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/II/257A
- Title:
- A Finding List of Faint UV-Bright Stars
- Short Name:
- II/257A
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The survey lists the very blue objects found on the plates taken for the Sandage Two-Color Survey of the Galactic Plane obtained using the Palomar 48 inch Oschin Schmidt telescope. The sources range in U-B color from U-B~-0.1 to U-B~-1.0 and in magnitude from m_B_~10 to ~20.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/156/241
- Title:
- A first catalog of variable stars measured by ATLAS
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/156/241
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS) carries out its primary planetary defense mission by surveying about 13000 deg^2^ at least four times per night. The resulting data set is useful for the discovery of variable stars to a magnitude limit fainter than r~18, with amplitudes down to 0.02 mag for bright objects. Here, we present a Data Release One catalog of variable stars based on analyzing the light curves of 142 million stars that were measured at least 100 times in the first two years of ATLAS operations. Using a Lomb-Scargle periodogram and other variability metrics, we identify 4.7 million candidate variables. Through the Space Telescope Science Institute, we publicly release light curves for all of them, together with a vector of 169 classification features for each star. We do this at the level of unconfirmed candidate variables in order to provide the community with a large set of homogeneously analyzed photometry and to avoid pre-judging which types of objects others may find most interesting. We use machine learning to classify the candidates into 15 different broad categories based on light-curve morphology. About 10% (427000 stars) pass extensive tests designed to screen out spurious variability detections: we label these as "probable" variables. Of these, 214000 receive specific classifications as eclipsing binaries, pulsating, Mira-type, or sinusoidal variables: these are the "classified" variables. New discoveries among the probable variables number 315000, while 141000 of the classified variables are new, including about 10400 pulsating variables, 2060 Mira stars, and 74700 eclipsing binaries.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/448/1430
- Title:
- A framework for empirical galaxy phenomenology
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/448/1430
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We develop a theoretical framework that extracts a deeper understanding of galaxy formation from empirically derived relations among galaxy properties by extending the main-sequence integration method for computing galaxy star formation histories. We properly account for scatter in the stellar mass-star formation rate relation and the evolving fraction of passive systems and find that the latter effect is almost solely responsible for the age distributions among z~0 galaxies with stellar masses above ~10^10^ M_{sun}_. However, while we qualitatively agree with the observed median stellar metallicity as a function of stellar mass, we attribute our inability to reproduce the distribution in detail largely to a combination of imperfect gas-phase metallicity and {alpha}/Fe ratio calibrations. Our formalism will benefit from new observational constraints and, in turn, improve interpretations of future data by providing self-consistent star formation histories for population synthesis modelling.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/560/A61
- Title:
- A frequency Comb calibrated solar atlas
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/560/A61
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The solar spectrum is a primary reference for the study of physical processes in stars and their variation during activity cycles. High resolution spectra of the Sun are easily obtained from spatially selected regions of the solar disk, while those taken over the integrated disk are more problematic. However, a proxy can be obtained by using solar light reflected by small bodies of the solar system. We first apply the LFC solar spectrum to characterize the CCDs of the HARPS spectrograph. The comparison of the LFC and Th-Ar calibrated spectra reveals S-type distortions on each order along the whole spectral range with an amplitude of 40m/s. This confirms the pattern found by Wilken et al. (2010MNRAS.405L..16W) on a single order and extends the detection of the distortions to the whole analyzed region revealing that the precise shape varies with wavelength. A new data reduction is implemented to deal with CCD pixel inequalities to obtain a wavelength corrected solar spectrum. By using this spectrum we provide a new LFC calibrated solar atlas with 400 line positions in the range of 476-530, and 175 lines in the 534-585nm range corresponding to the LFC bandwidth. The new LFC atlas is consistent on average with that based on FTS solar spectra, but it improves the accuracy of individual lines by a significant factor reaching a mean value of 10m/s. The LFC-based solar line wavelengths are essentially free of major instrumental effects and provide a reference for absolute solar line positions at the date of Nov 2010, i.e. an epoch of low solar activity. We suggest that future LFC observations could be used to trace small radial velocity changes of the whole solar photospheric spectrum in connection with the solar cycle and for direct comparison with the predicted line positions of 3D radiative hydrodynamical models of the solar photosphere. The LFC calibrated solar atlas can be also used to verify the accuracy of ground or space spectrographs by means of the solar spectrum.
