- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/602/A1
- Title:
- VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/602/A1
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the VLA-COSMOS 3GHz Large Project based on 384 hours of observations with the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) at 3GHz (10cm) toward the two square degree Cosmic Evolution Survey (COSMOS) field. The final mosaic reaches a median rms of 2.3 uJy/beam over the two square degrees at an angular resolution of 0.75". To fully account for the spectral shape and resolution variations across the broad (2GHz) band, we image all data with a multiscale, multifrequency synthesis algorithm. We present a catalog of 10,830 radio sources down to 5{sigma}, out of which 67 are combined from multiple components. Comparing the positions of our 3GHz sources with those from the Very Long Baseline Array (VLBA)-COSMOS survey, we estimate that the astrometry is accurate to 0.01" at the bright end (signal-to-noise ratio, S/N_3GHz_>20). Survival analysis on our data combined with the VLA-COSMOS 1.4GHz Joint Project catalog yields an expected median radio spectral index of {alpha}=-0.7. We compute completeness corrections via Monte Carlo simulations to derive the corrected 3GHz source counts. Our counts are in agreement with previously derived 3GHz counts based on single-pointing (0.087 square degrees) VLA data. In summary, the VLA-COSMOS 3GHz Large Project simultaneously provides the largest and deepest radio continuum survey at high (0.75") angular resolution to date, bridging the gap between last-generation and next-generation surveys.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/602/A2
- Title:
- VLA-COSMOS 3 GHz Large Project. II.
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/602/A2
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We study the composition of the faint radio population selected from the VLA-COSMOS 3GHz Large Project, a radio continuum survey performed at 10 cm wavelength. The survey covers a 2.6 square degree area with a mean rms of ~2.3uJy/beam, cataloging 10,830 sources above 5sigma, and enclosing the full 2 square degree COSMOS field. By combining these radio data with optical, near-infrared (UltraVISTA), and mid-infrared (Spitzer/IRAC) data, as well as X-ray data (Chandra), we find counterparts to radio sources for ~93% of the total radio sample (in the unmasked areas of the COSMOS field, i.e., those not affected by saturated or bright sources in the optical to NIR bands), reaching out to z~6. We further classify the sources as star forming galaxies or AGN based on various criteria, such as X-ray luminosity, observed MIR color, UV-FIR spectral-energy distribution, rest-frame NUV-optical color corrected for dust extinction, and radio-excess relative to that expected from the hosts' star-formation rate. We separate the AGN into sub-samples dominated by low-to-moderate and moderate-to-high radiative luminosity AGN, candidates for high- redshift analogues to local low- and high-excitation emission line AGN, respectively. We study the fractional contributions of these sub-populations down to radio flux levels of ~11uJy at 3GHz (or ~20uJy at 1.4GHz assuming a spectral index of -0.7). We find that the dominant fraction at 1.4GHz flux densities above ~200uJy is constituted of low-to-moderate radiative luminosity AGN. Below densities of ~100uJy the fraction of star-forming galaxies increases to ~60%, followed by the moderate-to-high radiative luminosity AGN (~20%), and low-to-moderate radiative luminosity AGN (~20%). Based on this observational evidence, we extrapolate the fractions down to sensitivities of the Square Kilometer Array (SKA). Our estimates suggest that at the faint flux limits to be reached by the (Wide, Deep, and UltraDeep) SKA1 surveys, a selection based only on radio flux limits can provide a simple tool to efficiently identify samples highly (>75%) dominated by star-forming galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/621/A139
- Title:
- VLA-COSMOS 3GHz sources average radio SED
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/621/A139
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We construct the average radio spectral energy distribution (SED) of highly star-forming galaxies (HSFGs) up to z~4. Infrared and radio luminosities are bound by a tight correlation that is defined by the so-called q parameter. This infrared-radio correlation provides the basis for the use of radio luminosity as a star-formation tracer. Recent stacking and survival analysis studies find q to be decreasing with increasing redshift. It was pointed out that a possible cause of the redshift trend could be the computation of rest-frame radio luminosity via a single power-law assumption of the star-forming galaxies' (SFGs) SED. To test this, we constrained the shape of the radio SED of a sample of HSFGs. To achieve a broad rest-frame frequency range, we combined previously published Very Large Array observations of the COSMOS field at 1.4GHz and 3GHz with unpublished Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (GMRT) observations at 325MHz and 610MHz by employing survival analysis to account for non-detections in the GMRT maps. We selected a sample of HSFGs in a broad redshift range (z{in}[0.3,4], SFR>=100M_{sun}_/yr) and constructed the average radio SED. By fitting a broken power-law, we find that the spectral index changes from {sigma}_1_=0.42+/-0.06 below a rest-frame frequency of 4.3GHz to {sigma}_2_=0.94+/-0.06 above 4.3GHz. Our results are in line with previous low-redshift studies of HSFGs (SFR>10M_{sun}_/yr) that show the SED of HSFGs to differ from the SED found for normal SFGs (SFR<10M_{sun}}/yr). The difference is mainly in a steeper spectrum around 10GHz, which could indicate a smaller fraction of thermal free-free emission. Finally, we also discuss the impact of applying this broken power-law SED in place of a simple power-law in K-corrections of HSFGs and a typical radio SED for normal SFGs drawn from the literature. We find that the shape of the radio SED is unlikely to be the root cause of the q-z trend in SFGs.
4044. VLA-COSMOS survey. II.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/172/46
- Title:
- VLA-COSMOS survey. II.
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/172/46
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The VLA-COSMOS Large Project is described and its scientific objective is discussed. We present a catalog of 3600 radio sources found in the 2deg^2^ COSMOS field at 1.4GHz. The observations in the VLA A and C configuration resulted in a resolution of 1.5"x1.4" and a mean rms noise of ~10.5(15)uJy/beam in the central 1(2)deg^2^. Eighty radio sources are clearly extended consisting of multiple components, and most of them appear to be double-lobed radio galaxies. The astrometry of the catalog has been thoroughly tested, and the uncertainty in the relative and absolute astrometry are 130 and <55mas, respectively.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/622/A13
- Title:
- VLA double-double radio galaxy candidates images
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/622/A13
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Double-double radio galaxies (DDRGs) represent a short but unique phase in the life-cycle of some of the most powerful radio-loud active galactic nuclei (RLAGN). These galaxies display large-scale remnant radio plasma in the intergalactic medium left behind by a past episode of active galactic nuclei (AGN) activity, and meanwhile, the radio jets have restarted in a new episode. The knowledge of what causes the jets to switch off and restart is crucial to our understanding of galaxy evolution, while it is important to know if DDRGs form a host galaxy dichotomy relative to RLAGN. The sensitivity and field of view of LOFAR enables the observation of DDRGs on a population basis rather than single-source observations. Using statistical comparisons with a control sample of RLAGN, we may obtain insights into the nature of DDRGs in the context of their host galaxies, where physical differences in their hosts compared to RLAGN as a population may allow us to infer the conditions that drive restarting jets. We utilised the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) DR1, using a visual identification method to compile a sample of morphologically selected candidate DDRGs, showing two pairs of radio lobes. To confirm the restarted nature in each of the candidate sources, we obtained follow-up observations with the Karl. G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) at higher resolution to observe the inner lobes or restarted jets, the confirmation of which created a robust sample of 33 DDRGs.We created a comparison sample of 777 RLAGN, matching the luminosity distribution of the DDRG sample, and compared the optical and infrared magnitudes and colours of their host galaxies. We find that there is no statistically significant difference in the brightness of the host galaxies between double-doubles and single-cycle RLAGN. The DDRG and RLAGN samples also have similar distributions in WISE mid-infrared colours, indicating similar ages of stellar populations and dust levels in the hosts of DDRGs. We conclude that DDRGs and 'normal' RLAGN are hosted by galaxies of the same type, and that DDRG activity is simply a normal part of the life cycle of RLAGN. Restarted jets, particularly for the class of low-excitation radio galaxies, rather than being a product of a particular event in the life of a host galaxy, must instead be caused by smaller scale changes, such as in the accretion system surrounding the black hole.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/732/45
- Title:
- VLA fluxes for AT20G radio galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/732/45
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present flux densities and polarization percentages of 159 radio galaxies based on nearly simultaneous Very Large Array observations at four frequencies, 4.86, 8.46, 22.46, and 43.34GHz. This sample is selected from the high-frequency Australia Telescope 20GHz (AT20G) survey and consists of all sources with flux density S_20GHz_>40mJy in an equatorial field of the Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT) survey. For a subset of 25 of these sources, we used the Green Bank Telescope (GBT) to obtain 90GHz data. We find that, as expected, this sample consists of flatter spectrum and more compact or point-like sources than low-frequency-selected samples. In the K band, variability is typically <~20%, although there are exceptions. The higher frequency data are well suited to the detection of extreme gigahertz peak spectrum sources. The inclusion of the 43GHz data causes the relative fraction of inverted spectrum sources to go down and of peaked spectrum sources to go up when compared with the AT20G survey results. The trend largely continues with the inclusion of the 90GHz data, although ~10% of the sources with GBT data show a spectral upturn from 43GHz to 90GHz. The measured polarization fractions are typically <5%, although in some cases they are measured to be up to ~20%. For sources with detected polarized flux in all four bands, about 40% of the sample, the polarization fractions typically increase with frequency. This trend is stronger for steeper spectrum sources as well as for the lower flux density sources.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/202/2
- Title:
- VLA 1.4GHz observations of A370 and A2390
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/202/2
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present 1.4GHz catalogs for the cluster fields A370 and A2390 observed with the Very Large Array. These are two of the deepest radio images of cluster fields ever taken. The A370 image covers an area of 40'x40' with a synthesized beam of ~1.7" and a noise level of ~5.7uJy near the field center. The A2390 image covers an area of 34'x34' with a synthesized beam of ~1.4" and a noise level of ~5.6uJy near the field center. We catalog 200 redshifts for the A370 field. We construct differential number counts for the central regions (radius <16') of both clusters. We find that the faint (S_1.4GHz_<3mJy) counts of A370 are roughly consistent with the highest blank field number counts, while the faint number counts of A2390 are roughly consistent with the lowest blank field number counts. Our analyses indicate that the number counts are primarily from field radio galaxies. We suggest that the disagreement of our number counts can be largely attributed to cosmic variance.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/234/24
- Title:
- VLA 33GHz obs. of star-forming regions
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/234/24
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present 33GHz imaging for 112 pointings toward galaxy nuclei and extranuclear star-forming regions at ~2" resolution using the Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) as part of the Star Formation in Radio Survey. A comparison with 33GHz Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope single-dish observations indicates that the interferometric VLA observations recover 78%+/-4% of the total flux density over 25" regions (~kpc scales) among all fields. On these scales, the emission being resolved out is most likely diffuse non-thermal synchrotron emission. Consequently, on the ~30-300pc scales sampled by our VLA observations, the bulk of the 33GHz emission is recovered and primarily powered by free-free emission from discrete HII regions, making it an excellent tracer of massive star formation. Of the 225 discrete regions used for aperture photometry, 162 are extranuclear (i.e., having galactocentric radii rG>=250pc) and detected at >3{sigma} significance at 33GHz and in H{alpha}. Assuming a typical 33GHz thermal fraction of 90%, the ratio of optically-thin 33GHz to uncorrected H{alpha} star formation rates indicates a median extinction value on ~30-300pc scales of A_H{alpha}_~1.26+/-0.09mag, with an associated median absolute deviation of 0.87mag. We find that 10% of these sources are "highly embedded" (i.e., A_H{alpha}_>~3.3mag), suggesting that on average, HII regions remain embedded for <~1Myr. Finally, we find the median 33GHz continuum-to-H{alpha} line flux ratio to be statistically larger within rG<250pc relative to the outer disk regions by a factor of 1.82+/-0.39, while the ratio of 33GHz to 24{mu}m flux densities is lower by a factor of 0.45+/-0.08, which may suggest increased extinction in the central regions.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/124/285
- Title:
- VLA Images of Extragalactic Objects
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/124/285
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Maps of 212 extragalactic radio sources at 4.9 GHz are shown in Stokes I along with linear polarization vectors. The objects have a declination range of 0 degrees to -35 degrees and were chosen from the Hewitt & Burbidge quasar catalog with a spectral index less than -0.5 and the NVSS survey with a minimum 1.4 GHz flux density greater than 300 mJy. The observations were made with the Very Large Array in its B configuration, and the images have a typical resolution of 2 arcseconds. One hundred ninety-five objects were resolved; 108 of the sources are quasars, and another 51 have been identified as galaxies.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/409/115
- Title:
- VLA imaging of IRAS 1 Jy ULIRG sample
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/409/115
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- This paper presents the results of a high resolution radio imaging survey of 83 of the 118 ultraluminous infrared galaxies (ULIRGs) in the IRAS 1Jy ULIRG sample (Kim & Sanders, 1998ApJS..119...41K, Veilleux et al., 2002, Cat. <J/ApJS/143/315>). We have observed these ULIRGs at 15-GHz with the Very Large Array (VLA). We find that ~75% of Seyferts (both type 1 and 2) and LINERs have radio nuclei which are compact at our 150mas resolution. The detection rate of HII nuclei is significantly lower (32%); the detections among these are preferentially HII+LINER/Seyfert composite nuclei. Among ULIRGs with multiple optical or near-IR nuclei our observations detected only one (or no) nucleus; in these the radio detection is typically towards the brightest near-IR nucleus. The compactness of the radio sources, the higher detection rates in AGN-type nuclei than HII nuclei, the preferential detection of nuclei with unresolved point sources in the near-IR, the low soft X-ray to nuclear radio luminosity ratio (arguing against thermal emission powering the radio nuclei), and the lack of correlation between radio power and H{alpha} luminosity, all support an origin of the detected radio nuclei in AGN related activity. This result is especially interesting for LINER ULIRGs for which signatures of AGNs have often been ambiguous in other wavebands. Such a high incidence of AGN would provide, for the first time, a large sample in which to study the interplay between AGN, starbursts, and galaxy mergers.
