- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/788/119
- Title:
- Properties of the highly ionized gas of quasars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/788/119
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first results from our NASA Keck Observatory Database of Ionized Absorbers toward Quasars (KODIAQ) survey which aims to characterize the properties of the highly ionized gas of galaxies and their circumgalactic medium (CGM) at 2<z<4. We select absorbers optically thick at the Lyman limit ({tau}_LL_>1, logN_HI_>17.3}) as probes of these galaxies and their CGM where both transitions of the O VI doublet have little contamination from the Ly{alpha}, {beta} forests. We found 20 absorbers that satisfy these rules: 7 Lyman limit systems (LLSs), 8 super-LLSs (SLLSs) and 5 damped Ly{alpha} (DLAs). The O VI detection rate is 100% for the DLAs, 71% for the LLSs, and 63% for the SLLSs. When O VI is detected, log(N_O VI_)=14.9+/-0.3, an average O VI column density substantially larger and with a smaller dispersion than found in blind O VI surveys at similar redshifts. Strong O VI absorption is therefore nearly ubiquitous in the CGM of z~2-3 galaxies. The total velocity widths of the O VI profiles are also large (200<={Delta}_{upsilon}_O VI_<=400 km/s). These properties are quite similar to those seen for O VI in low-z star-forming galaxies, and therefore we hypothesize that these strong CGM O VI absorbers (with {tau}_LL_>1) at 2<z<~3.5 also probe outflows of star-forming galaxies. The LLSs and SLLSs with no O VI absorption have properties consistent with those seen in cosmological simulations tracing cold streams feeding galaxies. When the highly ionized (Si IV and O VI) gas is taken into account, we determine that the {tau}_LL_>1 absorbers could contain as much as 3%-14% of the cosmic baryon budget at z~2-3, only second to the Ly{alpha} forest. We conservatively show that 5%-20% of the metals ever produced at z~2-3 are in form of highly ionized metals ejected in the CGM of galaxies.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/155/207
- Title:
- Properties of yellow supergiant stars in the SMC
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/155/207
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We recently discovered a yellow supergiant (YSG) in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) with a heliocentric radial velocity of ~300 km/s, which is much larger than expected for a star at its location in the SMC. This is the first runaway YSG ever discovered and only the second evolved runaway star discovered in a galaxy other than the Milky Way. We classify the star as G5-8 I and use de-reddened broad-band colors with model atmospheres to determine an effective temperature of 4700+/-250 K, consistent with what is expected from its spectral type. The star's luminosity is then log L/L_{sun}_~4.2~0.1, consistent with it being a ~30 Myr 9 M_{sun}_ star according to the Geneva evolution models. The star is currently located in the outer portion of the SMC's body, but if the star's transverse peculiar velocity is similar to its peculiar radial velocity, in 10 Myr the star would have moved 1.6{deg} across the disk of the SMC and could easily have been born in one of the SMC's star-forming regions. Based on its large radial velocity, we suggest it originated in a binary system where the primary exploded as a supernovae, thus flinging the runaway star out into space. Such stars may provide an important mechanism for the dispersal of heavier elements in galaxies given the large percentage of massive stars that are runaways. In the future, we hope to look into additional evolved runaway stars that were discovered as part of our other past surveys.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/642/A206
- Title:
- Propynethial (HCCCHS) submm spectroscopy
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/642/A206
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The majority of sulfur-containing molecules detected in the interstellar medium (ISM) are analogs of oxygen-containing compounds. Propynal was detected in the ISM in 1988, hence propynethial, its sulfur derivative, is a good target for an ISM search. Our aim is to measure the rotational spectrum of propynethial and use those measurements to search for this species in the ISM. To date, measurements of the rotational spectra of propynethial have been limited to a small number or transitions below 52GHz. The extrapolation of the prediction to lines in the milimeter-wave domain is inaccurate and does not provide data to permit an unambiguous detection. The rotational spectrum was re-investigated up to 630GHz. Using the new prediction lines of propynethial, as well as the related propynal, a variety of astronomical sources were searched, including star-forming regions and dark clouds. A total of 3288 transitions were newly assigned and fit together with those from previous studies, reaching quantum numbers up to J=107 and K_a_=24. Watson's symmetric top Hamiltonian in the I^r^ representation was used for the analysis, because the molecule is very close to the prolate limit. The search for propynethial resulted in a non-detection; upper limits to the column density were derived in each source.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/588/L8
- Title:
- Protonated formaldehyde in L1689B
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/588/L8
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Complex organic molecules (COMs) are detected in many regions of the interstellar medium, including prestellar cores. However, their formation mechanisms in cold (~10K) cores remain to this date poorly understood. The formyl radical HCO is an important candidate precursor for several O-bearing terrestrial COMs in cores, as an abundant building block of many of these molecules. Several chemical routes have been proposed to account for its formation, both on grain surfaces, as an incompletely hydrogenated product of H addition to frozen-out CO molecules, or in the gas phase, either the product of the reaction between H_2_CO and a radical, or as a product of dissociative recombination of protonated formaldehyde H_2_COH^+^. The detection and abundance determination of H_2_COH^+^, if present, could provide clues as to whether this latter scenario might apply. We searched for protonated formaldehyde H_2_COH^+^ in the prestellar core L1689B using the IRAM 30m telescope. The H_2_COH^+^ ion is unambiguously detected, for the first time in a cold (~10K) source. The derived abundance agrees with a scenario in which the formation of H_2_COH^+^ results from the protonation of formaldehyde. We use this abundance value to constrain the branching ratio of the dissociative recombination of H2COH+ towards the HCO channel to ~10-30%. This value could however be smaller if HCO can be efficiently formed from gas-phase neutral- neutral reactions, and we stress the need for laboratory measurements of the rate constants of these reactions at 10K. Given the experimental difficulties in measuring branching ratios experimentally, observations can bring valuable constraints on these values, and provide a useful input for chemical networks.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/157/144
- Title:
- Protoplanetary disk masses in Taurus
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/157/144
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Measuring the masses of protoplanetary disks is crucial for understanding their planet-forming potential. Typically, dust masses are derived from (sub-)millimeter flux density measurements plus assumptions for the opacity, temperature, and optical depth of the dust. Here we use radiative transfer models to quantify the validity of these assumptions with the aim of improving the accuracy of disk dust mass measurements. We first carry out a controlled exploration of disk parameter space. We find that the disk temperature is a strong function of disk size, while the optical depth depends on both disk size and dust mass. The millimeter-wavelength spectral index can be significantly shallower than the naive expectation due to a combination of optical depth and deviations from the Rayleigh-Jeans regime. We fit radiative transfer models to the spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of 132 disks in the Taurus-Auriga region using a Markov chain Monte Carlo approach. We used all available data to produce the most complete SEDs used in any extant modeling study. We perform the fitting twice: first with unconstrained disk sizes and again imposing the disk size-brightness relation inferred for sources in Taurus. This constraint generally forces the disks to be smaller, warmer, and more optically thick. From both sets of fits, we find disks to be ~1-5 times more massive than when derived using (sub-)millimeter measurements and common assumptions. With the uncertainties derived from our model fitting, the previously measured dust mass-stellar mass correlation is present in our study but only significant at the 2{sigma} level.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/534/A133
- Title:
- Proxima Cen chromospheric emission lines
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/534/A133
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an extensive identification catalog of chromospheric emission lines in the optical range for a flare on Proxima Centauri. The data were obtained with ESO's Kueyen telescope equipped with the UVES spectrograph on March 9/10, 11/12, 13/14 in 2009. The instrument was operated in dichroic mode (spectral coverage from 3290 to 4500 and from 6400 to 10080{AA}). We tabulate measured wavelength, line flux and FWHM for every line and also provide the rest wavelength from the Moore catalog which was used for identification (Moore, 1972, Nat. Stand. Ref. Data. Ser., 40). Few lines were identified with the NIST database.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/626/A111
- Title:
- Proxima Cen flare activity temporal changes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/626/A111
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We study temporal variations of the emission lines of H{alpha}, H{epsilon}, H and K CaII, D1 and D2 NaI, He4026, and He5876 in the HARPS spectra of Proxima Centauri across an extended time of 13.2yr, from May 27, 2004 to September 30, 2017. We analyse the common behaviour and differences in the intensities and profiles of different emission lines in flare and quiet modes of Proxima activity. We compare the pseudo-equivalent widths (pEW) and profiles of the emission lines in the HARPS high-resolution (R~115000) spectra observed at the same epochs. Results. All emission lines show variability with a timescale of at least 10 min. The strength of all lines except He4026 correlate with H{alpha}. During strong flares the "red asymmetry" appears in the H{alpha} emission line indicating the infall of hot condensed matter into the chromosphere with velocities greater than 100km/s disturbing chromospheric layers. As a result, the strength of the CaII lines anti-correlates with H{alpha} during strong flares. The HeI lines at 4026 and 5876{AA} appear in the strong flares. The cores of D1 and D2 NaI lines are also seen in emission. During the minimum activity of Proxima Centauri, CaII lines and H{alpha} almost disappear while the blue part of the NaI emission lines is affected by the absorption in the extending and condensing flows. We see different behaviour of emission lines formed in the flare regions and chromosphere. Chromosphere layers of Proxima Cen are likely heated by the flare events; these layers are cooled in the "non-flare" mode. The self-absorption structures in cores of our emission lines vary with time due to the presence of a complicated system of inward and outward matter flows in the absorbing layers.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/852/81
- Title:
- 17 PS1 superluminous SNe LCs + classif. spectra
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/852/81
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present light curves and classification spectra of 17 hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey (PS1 MDS). Our sample contains all objects from the PS1 MDS sample with spectroscopic classification that are similar to either of the prototypes SN 2005ap or SN 2007bi, without an explicit limit on luminosity. With a redshift range 0.3<z<1.6, PS1 MDS is the first SLSN sample primarily probing the high-redshift population; our multifilter PS1 light curves probe the rest- frame UV emission, and hence the peak of the spectral energy distribution. We measure the temperature evolution and construct bolometric light curves, and find peak luminosities of (0.5-5)x10^44^erg/s and lower limits on the total radiated energies of (0.3-2)x10^51^erg. The light curve shapes are diverse, with both rise and decline times spanning a factor of ~5 and several examples of double-peaked light curves. When correcting for the flux-limited nature of our survey, we find a median peak luminosity at 4000{AA} of M_4000_=-21.1mag and a spread of {sigma}=0.7mag.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/227/11
- Title:
- PS1 z>5.6 quasars follow-up
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/227/11
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Luminous quasars at z>5.6 can be studied in detail with the current generation of telescopes and provide us with unique information on the first gigayear of the universe. Thus far, these studies have been statistically limited by the number of quasars known at these redshifts. Such quasars are rare, and therefore, wide-field surveys are required to identify them, and multiwavelength data are required to separate them efficiently from their main contaminants, the far more numerous cool dwarfs. In this paper, we update and extend the selection for the z~6 quasars presented in Banados+ (2014AJ....148...14B) using the Pan-STARRS1 (PS1) survey. We present the PS1 distant quasar sample, which currently consists of 124 quasars in the redshift range 5.6<~z<~6.7 that satisfy our selection criteria. Of these quasars, 77 have been discovered with PS1, and 63 of them are newly identified in this paper. We present the composite spectra of the PS1 distant quasar sample. This sample spans a factor of ~20 in luminosity and shows a variety of emission line properties. The number of quasars at z>5.6 presented in this work almost doubles the previously known quasars at these redshifts, marking a transition phase from studies of individual sources to statistical studies of the high-redshift quasar population, which was impossible with earlier, smaller samples.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/835/58
- Title:
- PTF 12dam & iPTF 13dcc follow-up
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/835/58
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the light curves of the hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSNe I) PTF 12dam and iPTF 13dcc, discovered by the (intermediate) Palomar Transient Factory. Both show excess emission at early times and a slowly declining light curve at late times. The early bump in PTF 12dam is very similar in duration (~10days) and brightness relative to the main peak (2-3mag fainter) compared to that observed in other SLSNe I. In contrast, the long-duration (>30days) early excess emission in iPTF 13dcc, whose brightness competes with that of the main peak, appears to be of a different nature. We construct bolometric light curves for both targets, and fit a variety of light-curve models to both the early bump and main peak in an attempt to understand the nature of these explosions. Even though the slope of the late-time decline in the light curves of both SLSNe is suggestively close to that expected from the radioactive decay of ^56^Ni and ^56^Co, the amount of nickel required to power the full light curves is too large considering the estimated ejecta mass. The magnetar model including an increasing escape fraction provides a reasonable description of the PTF 12dam observations. However, neither the basic nor the double-peaked magnetar model is capable of reproducing the light curve of iPTF 13dcc. A model combining a shock breakout in an extended envelope with late-time magnetar energy injection provides a reasonable fit to the iPTF 13dcc observations. Finally, we find that the light curves of both PTF 12dam and iPTF 13dcc can be adequately fit with the model involving interaction with the circumstellar medium.
