- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/591/A43
- Title:
- Differential rotation in solar-like stars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/591/A43
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Surface differential rotation (SDR) plays a key role in dynamo models and determines a lower limit on the accuracy of stellar rotation period measurements. SDR estimates are therefore essential to constrain theoretical models and infer realistic rotation period uncertainties. We measure a lower limit to SDR in a sample of solar-like stars belonging to young loose stellar associations with the aim of investigating how SDR depends on global stellar parameters in the age range (4-95Myr). The rotation period of a solar-like star can be recovered by analyzing the flux modulation caused by dark spots and stellar rotation. The SDR and the latitude migration of dark-spots induce a modulation of the detected rotation period. We employed long-term photometry to measure the amplitude of such a modulation and to compute the quantity {Delta}{Omega}_phot_=2{pi}/P_min_-2{pi}/P_max_ that is a lower limit to SDR. We find that {Delta}{Omega}_phot_ increases with the stellar effective temperature and with the global convective turn-over timescale tau_c_, which is the characteristic time for the rise of a convective element through the stellar convection zone. We find that {Delta}{Omega}_phot_ is proportional to T_eff_^2.18+/-0.65^ in stars recently settled on the ZAMS. This power law is less steep than those found by previous authors, but closest to recent theoretical models. We investigate how {Delta}{Omega}_phot_ changes in time in a 1M_{sun}_ star. We find that {Delta}{Omega}_phot_ steeply increases between 4 and 30Myr and that it is almost constant between 30 and 95Myr. We find also that the relative shear increases with the Rossby number Ro. Although our results are qualitatively in agreement with hydrodynamical mean-field models, our measurements are systematically higher than the values predicted by these models. The discrepancy between {Delta}{Omega}_phot_ measurements and theoretical models is particularly large in stars with periods between 0.7 and 2d. Such a discrepancy, together with the anomalous SDR measured by other authors for HD 171488 (rotating in 1.31d), suggests that the rotation period could influence SDR more than predicted by the models.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/773/135
- Title:
- Disk-bearing stars in Cygnus OB2
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/773/135
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The formation of stars in massive clusters is one of the main modes of the star formation process. However, the study of massive star-forming regions is hampered by their typically large distances to the Sun. One exception to this is the massive star-forming region Cygnus OB2 in the Cygnus X region, at the distance of ~1400pc. Cygnus OB2 hosts very rich populations of massive and low-mass stars, being the best target in our Galaxy to study the formation of stars, circumstellar disks, and planets in the presence of massive stars. In this paper, we combine a wide and deep set of photometric data, from the r band to 24{mu}m, in order to select the disk-bearing population of stars in Cygnus OB2 and identify the class I, class II, and stars with transition and pre-transition disks. We selected 1843 sources with infrared excesses in an area of 1{deg}x1{deg} centered on Cyg OB2 in several evolutionary stages: 8.4% class I, 13.1% flat-spectrum sources, 72.9% class II, 2.3% pre-transition disks, and 3.3% transition disks. The spatial distribution of these sources shows a central cluster surrounded by an annular overdensity and some clumps of recent star formation in the outer region. Several candidate subclusters are identified, both along the overdensity and in the rest of the association.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/615/A9
- Title:
- Distribution of Serpens South protostars
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/615/A9
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Clusters are common sites of star formation, whose members display varying degrees of mass segregation. The cause may be primordial or dynamical, or a combination both. If mass segregation were to be observed in a very young protostellar cluster, then the primordial case can be assumed more likely for that region. We investigated the masses and spatial distributions of pre-stellar and protostellar candidates in the young, low-mass star forming region Serpens South, where active star formation is known to occur along a predominant filamentary structure. Previous observations used to study these distributions have been limited by two important observational factors: (1) sensitivity limits that leave the lowest-mass sources undetected, or (2) resolution limits that cannot distinguish binaries and/or cluster members in close proximity. Recent millimeter-wavelength interferometry observations can now uncover faint and/or compact sources in order to study a more complete population of protostars, especially in nearby (D<500pc) clusters. Here we present ALMA observations of 1mm (Band 6) continuum in a 3x2-arcminutes region at the center of Serpens South. Our angular resolution of 1-arcsec is equivalent to 400 au, corresponding to scales of envelopes and/or disks of protostellar sources. We detect 52 sources with 1mm continuum, and we measure masses of 0.002-0.9 solar masses corresponding to gas and dust in the disk and/or envelope of the protostellar system. For the deeply embedded (youngest) sources with no IR counterparts, we find evidence of mass segregation and clustering according to: the Minimum Spanning Tree method, distribution of projected separations between unique sources, and concentration of higher-mass sources near to the dense gas at the cluster center. The mass segregation of the mm sources is likely primordial rather than dynamical given the young age of this cluster, compared with segregation time. This is the first case to show this for mm sources in a low-mass protostellar cluster environment.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/437/1561
- Title:
- DR 21 Chandra source catalogue
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/437/1561
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have studied the young low-mass pre-main sequence (PMS) stellar population associated with the massive star-forming region DR 21 by using archival X-ray Chandra observations and by complementing them with existing optical and infrared (IR) surveys. The Chandra observations have revealed for the first time a new highly extincted population of PMS low-mass stars previously missed in observations at other wavelengths. The X-ray population exhibits three main stellar density peaks, coincident with the massive star-forming regions, being the DR 21 core the main peak. The cross-correlated X-ray/IR sample exhibits a radial 'Spokes-like' stellar filamentary structure that extends from the DR 21 core towards the northeast. The near-IR data reveal a centrally peaked structure for the extinction, which exhibits its maximum in the DR 21 core and gradually decreases with the distance to the N-S cloud axis and to the cluster centre. We find evidence of a global mass segregation in the full low-mass stellar cluster, and of a stellar age segregation, with the youngest stars still embedded in the N-S cloud, and more evolved stars more spatially distributed. The results are consistent with the scenario where an elongated overall potential well created by the full low-mass stellar cluster funnels gas through filaments feeding stellar formation. Besides the full gravitational well, smaller scale local potential wells created by dense stellar sub-clusters of low-mass stars are privileged in the competition for the gas of the common reservoir, allowing the formation of massive stars. We also discuss the possibility that a stellar collision in the very dense stellar cluster revealed by Chandra in the DR 21 core is the origin of the large-scale and highly energetic outflow arising from this region.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/442/2543
- Title:
- Dust disks around star in young clusters
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/442/2543
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We derived the intermediate-mass (=~1.5-7M_{sun}_) disc fraction (IMDF) in the near-infrared JHK photometric bands as well as in the mid-infrared (MIR) bands for young clusters in the age range of 0 to ~10Myr. From the JHK IMDF, the lifetime of the innermost dust disc (~0.3au; hereafter the K disc) is estimated to be ~3Myr, suggesting a stellar mass (M*) dependence of K-disc lifetime (=~1.5-7M_{sun}_). However, from the MIR IMDF, the lifetime of the inner disc (~5au; hereafter the MIR disc) is estimated to be ~6.5Myr, suggesting a very weak stellar mass dependence (M*). The much shorter K-disc lifetime compared to the MIR-disc lifetime for intermediate-mass (IM) stars suggests that IM stars with transition discs, which have only MIR excess emission but no K-band excess emission, are more common than classical Herbig Ae/Be stars, which exhibit both. We suggest that this prominent early disappearance of the K disc for IM stars is due to dust settling/growth in the protoplanetary disc, and it could be one of the major reasons for the paucity of close-in planets around IM stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/638/A85
- Title:
- 3D view of Taurus with Gaia and Herschel
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/638/A85
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Taurus represents an ideal region to study the three-dimensional distribution of the young stellar population and relate it to the associated molecular cloud. The second Gaia data release (DR2) enables us to investigate the Taurus complex in three dimensions, starting from a previously defined robust membership. The molecular cloud structured in filaments can be traced in emission using the public far-infrared maps from Herschel. From a compiled catalog of spectroscopically confirmed members, we analyze the 283 sources with reliable parallax and proper motions in the Gaia DR2 archive. We fit the distribution of parallaxes and proper motions with multiple populations described by multivariate Gaussians. We compute the cartesian Galactic coordinates (X,Y,Z) and, for the populations associated with the main cloud, also the galactic space velocity (U,V,W). We discuss the spatial distribution of the populations in relation to the structure of the filamentary molecular cloud traced by Herschel. We discover the presence of six populations which are all well defined in parallax and proper motions, with the only exception being Taurus D. The derived distances range between ~130 and ~160pc. We do not find a unique relation between stellar population and the associated molecular cloud: while the stellar population seems to be on the cloud surface, both lying at similar distances, this is not the case when the molecular cloud is structured in filaments. Taurus B is probably moving in the direction of Taurus A, while Taurus E appears to be moving towards them. The Taurus region is the result of a complex star formation history which most probably occurred in clumpy and filamentary structures that are evolving independently.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/443/851
- Title:
- Effective temperature of 30 Dor population
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/443/851
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The star-formation history and IMF of the field population of the 30 Doradus super-association is determined using Wide Field Imager photometry. The cluster NGC 2070 and the OB association LH104 are also studied and used for comparison. The star-formation history of the 30~Doradus super-association appears to be characterized by a large increase in star-formation activity 10Myr to 20Myr ago. This seems to be the case across the whole eastern half of the LMC as demonstrated by the ages of stellar populations as far away as 30 Doradus and Shapley's Constellation III. Star-formation appears to be occurring at a constant rate in the field and in loose associations, and in bursts in the clusters. The field IMF is found to have almost the exact Salpeter slope in the range 7M_{sun}_<=M<=40M_{sun}_, at odds with previous claims. We find that, for objects with more complex star-formation histories, Be stars and selective incompleteness strongly affect the determination of the IMF for M>40M_{sun}_, naturally explaining the observed deviation of the high mass IMF slope from the Salpeter value.The present work supports the idea of a universal IMF.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/590/A50
- Title:
- eMSTOs in low mass clusters
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/590/A50
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an imaging analysis of four low mass stellar clusters (<~5000M_{sun}_) in the outer regions of the LMC in order to shed light on the extended main sequence turn-off (eMSTO) phenomenon observed in high mass clusters. The four clusters have ages between 1-2Gyr and two of them appear to host eMTSOs. The discovery of eMSTOs in such low mass clusters - more than 5 times less massive than the eMSTO clusters previously studied - suggests that mass is not the controlling factor in whether clusters host eMSTOs. Additionally, the narrow extent of the eMSTO in the two older clusters (~2Gyr) is in agreement with predictions of the stellar rotation scenario, as lower mass stars are expected to be magnetically braked, meaning that their colour magnitude diagrams should be better reproduced by canonical simple stellar populations. We also performed a structural analysis on all the clusters and found that a large core radius is not a requisite for a cluster to exhibit an eMSTO.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/V/137D
- Title:
- Extended Hipparcos Compilation (XHIP)
- Short Name:
- V/137D
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Extended Hipparcos Compilation (XHIP) cross-references the New Hipparcos Reduction (HIP2, Cat. I/311) with relatable data from a broad survey of presently available sources. The resulting collection uniquely assigns 116,096 spectral classifications, 46,392 radial velocities, and 19,097 iron abundances [Fe/H] to Hipparcos stars. Stellar classifications from SIMBAD and indications of multiplicity from either CCDM (Cat. I/274) or WDS (Cat. B/wds) are provided. Parameters for solar encounters and Galactic orbits are calculated for a subset of stars that can be made kinematically complete. Memberships in open clusters and stellar associations are assigned. We also provide stellar ages from The Geneva-Copenhagen survey of the Solar neighbourhood III (Cat. V/130), identifications of exoplanet host stars, and supplemental photometry from 2MASS (Cat. II/246) and SIMBAD.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/547/A65
- Title:
- Extended stellar objects in galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/547/A65
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- In the last decade, very extended old stellar clusters with masses in the range from a few 10^4^ to 10^8^M_{sun}_ and effective radii larger than 10pc have been found in various types of galaxies in different environments. Objects with masses comparable to normal globular clusters (GCs) are called extended clusters (ECs), while objects with masses in the dwarf galaxy regime are called ultra-compact dwarf galaxies (UCDs). The paper analyses the observational parameters total luminosity, M_V_, effective radius, r_eff_, and projected distance to the host galaxy, R_proj_, of all known ECs and UCDs and the dependence of these parameters on the type and the total luminosity of their host galaxy. We searched the available literature to compile a catalog of star clusters with effective radii larger than 10pc. As there is no clear distinction between ECs and UCDs, both types of objects will be called extended stellar objects - abbreviated "EOs" - in this paper. In total, we found 813 EOs of which 171 are associated with late-type galaxies and 642 EOs associated with early-type galaxies. EOs cover a luminosity range from about M_V_=-4 to -14mag. However, the vast majority of EOs brighter than M_V_=-10mag are associated with giant elliptical galaxies. At each magnitude extended objects are found with effective radii between 10pc and an upper size limit, which shows a clear trend: the more luminous the object the larger is the upper size limit. For EOs associated with early-and late-type galaxies, the EO luminosity functions peak at -6.40mag and -6.47mag, respectively, which is about one magnitude fainter than the peak of the GC luminosity function. EOs and GCs form a coherent structure in the r_eff_ vs. M_V_ parameter space, while there is a clear gap between EOs and early type dwarf galaxies. However, there is a small potential overlap at the high-mass end, where the most extended EOs are close to the parameters of some compact elliptical galaxies. We compare the EO sample with the numerical models of a previous paper and conclude that the parameters of the EO sample as a whole can be very well explained by a star cluster origin, where EOs are the results of merged star clusters of cluster complexes (CCs).
