- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/III/284
- Title:
- APOGEE-2 data from DR16
- Short Name:
- III/284
- Date:
- 05 Jan 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The spectral analysis and data products in Data Release 16 (DR16; 2019 December) from the high-resolution near-infrared Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)-2/Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS)-IV survey are described. Compared to the previous APOGEE data release (DR14; 2017 July), APOGEE DR16 includes about 200000 new stellar spectra, of which 100000 are from a new southern APOGEE instrument mounted on the 2.5m du Pont telescope at Las Campanas Observatory in Chile. DR16 includes all data taken up to 2018 August, including data released in previous data releases. All of the data have been re-reduced and re-analyzed using the latest pipelines, resulting in a total of 473307 spectra of 437445 stars. Changes to the analysis methods for this release include, but are not limited to, the use of MARCS model atmospheres for calculation of the entire main grid of synthetic spectra used in the analysis, a new method for filling "holes" in the grids due to unconverged model atmospheres, and a new scheme for continuum normalization. Abundances of the neutron-capture element Ce are included for the first time. A new scheme for estimating uncertainties of the derived quantities using stars with multiple observations has been applied, and calibrated values of surface gravities for dwarf stars are now supplied. Compared to DR14, the radial velocities derived for this release more closely match those in the Gaia DR2 database, and a clear improvement in the spectral analysis of the coolest giants can be seen.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/612/A98
- Title:
- APOGEE full information on classes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/612/A98
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The volume of data generated by astronomical surveys is growing rapidly. Traditional analysis techniques in spectroscopy either demand intensive human interaction or are computationally expensive. In this scenario, machine learning, and unsupervised clustering algorithms in particular, offer interesting alternatives. The Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) offers a vast data set of near-infrared stellar spectra, which is perfect for testing such alternatives. Our research applies an unsupervised classification scheme based on K-means to the massive APOGEE data set. We explore whether the data are amenable to classification into discrete classes. We apply the K-means algorithm to 153,847 high resolution spectra (R~22,500). We discuss the main virtues and weaknesses of the algorithm, as well as our choice of parameters. We show that a classification based on normalised spectra captures the variations in stellar atmospheric parameters, chemical abundances, and rotational velocity, among other factors. The algorithm is able to separate the bulge and halo populations, and distinguish dwarfs, sub-giants, RC, and RGB stars. However, a discrete classification in flux space does not result in a neat organisation in the parameters' space. Furthermore, the lack of obvious groups in flux space causes the results to be fairly sensitive to the initialisation, and disrupts the efficiency of commonly-used methods to select the optimal number of clusters. Our classification is publicly available, including extensive online material associated with the APOGEE Data Release 12 (DR12). Our description of the APOGEE database can help greatly with the identification of specific types of targets for various applications. We find a lack of obvious groups in flux space, and identify limitations of the K-means algorithm in dealing with this kind of data.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/159/182
- Title:
- APOGEE Net, YSOs parameters through deep learning
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/159/182
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Machine learning allows for efficient extraction of physical properties from stellar spectra that have been obtained by large surveys. The viability of machine-learning approaches has been demonstrated for spectra covering a variety of wavelengths and spectral resolutions, but most often for main-sequence (MS) or evolved stars, where reliable synthetic spectra provide labels and data for training. Spectral models of young stellar objects (YSOs) and low-mass MS stars are less well-matched to their empirical counterparts, however, posing barriers to previous approaches to classify spectra of such stars. In this work, we generate labels for YSOs and low-mass MS stars through their photometry. We then use these labels to train a deep convolutional neural network to predict logg, Teff, and Fe/H for stars with Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE) spectra in the DR14 data set. This "APOGEE Net" has produced reliable predictions of logg for YSOs, with uncertainties of within 0.1dex and a good agreement with the structure indicated by pre-MS evolutionary tracks, and it correlates well with independently derived stellar radii. These values will be useful for studying pre-MS stellar populations to accurately diagnose membership and ages.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/894/5
- Title:
- APOGEE2-N NIR spectra of B-type stars
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/894/5
- Date:
- 19 Jan 2022 00:59:33
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a semi-empirical spectral classification scheme for normal B-type stars using near-infrared (NIR) spectra (1.5-1.7{mu}m) from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Apache Point Observatory Galaxy Evolution Experiment (APOGEE2)-N data release 14 (DR14) database. The main motivation for working with B-type stars is their importance in the evolution of young stellar clusters; however, we also take advantage of having a numerous sample (316 stars) of B-type star candidates in APOGEE2-N, for which we also have optical (3600-9100{AA}) counterparts from the Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) survey. By first obtaining an accurate spectral classification of the sources using the LAMOST DR3 spectra and the canonical spectral classification scheme, we found a linear relation between optical spectral types and the equivalent widths of the hydrogen lines of the Brackett series in the APOGEE2-N NIR spectra. This relation extends smoothly from a similar relation for O and early B stars found by Roman-Lopes+ (2018, J/ApJ/855/68). This way, we obtain a catalog of B-type sources with features in both the optical and NIR and a classification scheme refined down to one spectral subclass.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/903/55
- Title:
- APOGEE parameters through 83 open clusters
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/903/55
- Date:
- 15 Mar 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The chemical homogeneity of surviving stellar clusters contains important clues about interstellar medium (ISM) mixing efficiency, star formation, and the enrichment history of the Galaxy. Existing measurements in a handful of open clusters suggest homogeneity in several elements at the 0.03dex level. Here we present (I) a new cluster member catalog based only on APOGEE radial velocities and Gaia-DR2 proper motions, (II) improved abundance uncertainties for APOGEE cluster members, and (III) the dependence of cluster homogeneity on Galactic and cluster properties, using abundances of eight elements from the APOGEE survey for 10 high-quality clusters. We find that cluster homogeneity is uncorrelated with Galactocentric distance, |Z|, age, and metallicity. However, velocity dispersion, which is a proxy for cluster mass, is positively correlated with intrinsic scatter at relatively high levels of significance for [Ca/Fe] and [Mg/Fe]. We also see a possible positive correlation at a low level of significance for [Ni/Fe], [Si/Fe], [Al/Fe], and [Fe/H], while [Cr/Fe] and [Mn/Fe] are uncorrelated. The elements that show a correlation with velocity dispersion are those that are predominantly produced by core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). However, the small sample size and relatively low correlation significance highlight the need for follow-up studies. If borne out by future studies, these findings would suggest a quantitative difference between the correlation lengths of elements produced predominantly by Type Ia SNe versus CCSNe, which would have implications for Galactic chemical evolution models and the feasibility of chemical tagging.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/505/6051
- Title:
- Arecibo sample variability properties
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/505/6051
- Date:
- 22 Feb 2022
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the results of a near-infrared (NIR) monitoring program carried out between 1999 and 2005 to determine the variability properties of the `Arecibo sample of OH/IR stars'. The sample consists of 385 IRAS-selected Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) candidates, for which their O-rich chemistry has been proven by the detection of 1612 MHz OH maser emission. The monitoring data was complemented by data collected from public optical and NIR surveys. We fitted the light curves obtained in the optical and NIR bands with a model using an asymmetric cosine function, and derived a period for 345 sources ~90% of the sample). Based on their variability properties, most of the Arecibo sources are classified as long-period large-amplitude variable stars (LPLAV), 4% as (candidate) post-AGB stars, and 3% remain unclassified although they are likely post-AGB stars or highly obscured AGB stars. The period distribution of the LPLAVs peaks at ~400d, with periods between 300 and 800d for most of the sources, and has a long tail up to ~2100d. Typically, the amplitudes are between 1 and 3 mag in the NIR and between 2 and 6 mag in the optical. We find correlations between periods and amplitudes, with larger amplitudes associated to longer periods, as well as between the period and the infrared colours, with the longer periods linked to the redder sources. Among the post-AGB stars, the light curve of IRAS 19566+3423 was exceptional, showing a large systematic increase (>0.4mag/yr) in K-band brightness over 7 years.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/613/A72
- Title:
- AS1063 and MACS1206-08 datacubes
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/613/A72
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present results from the KMOS LENsing Survey (KLENS), which is exploiting gravitational lensing to study the kinematics of 24 star-forming galaxies at 1.4<z<3.5 with a median mass of log(M*/M_{sun}_)=9.6 and a median star formation rate (SFR) of 7.5M_{sun}/yr. We find that 25% of these low mass/low SFR galaxies are rotation-dominated, while the majority of our sample shows no velocity gradient. When combining our data with other surveys, we find that the fraction of rotation-dominated galaxies increases with the stellar mass, and decreases for galaxies with a positive offset from the main sequence (higher specific star formation rate). We also investigate the evolution of the intrinsic velocity dispersion, sigma_0_, as a function of the redshift, z, and stellar mass, M*, assuming galaxies in quasi-equilibrium (Toomre Q parameter equal to 1). From the z-sigma_0_ relation, we find that the redshift evolution of the velocity dispersion is mostly expected for massive galaxies (log(M*/M_{sun}_)>10). We derive a M*-sigma_0_ relation, using the Tully-Fisher relation, which highlights that a different evolution of the velocity dispersion is expected depending on the stellar mass, with lower velocity dispersions for lower masses, and an increase for higher masses, stronger at higher redshift. The observed velocity dispersions from this work and from comparison samples spanning 0<z<3.5 appear to follow this relation, except at higher redshift (z>2), where we observe higher velocity dispersions for low masses (log(M*/M_{sun}_)~9.6) and lower velocity dispersions for high masses (log(M*/M_{sun}_)~10.9) than expected. This discrepancy could, for instance, suggest that galaxies at high redshift do not satisfy the stability criterion, or that the adopted parametrization of the specific star formation rate and molecular properties fail at high redshift.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/646/A141
- Title:
- A source catalog for the LMC
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/646/A141
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a clean, magnitude-limited (IRAC1 or WISE1<=15.0mag) multiwavelength source catalog for the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The catalog was built by crossmatching (1'') and deblending (3'') between the source list of Spitzer Enhanced Imaging Products (SEIP) and Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2), with strict constraints on the Gaia astrometric solution in order to remove the foreground contamination. It is estimated that about 99.5% of the targets in our catalog are most likely genuine members of the LMC. The catalog contains 197004 targets in 52 different bands, including two ultraviolet, 21 optical, and 29 infrared bands. Additional information about radial velocities and spectral and photometric classifications were collected from the literature. We compare our sample with the sample from Gaia DR2 (2018A&A...616A...1G, Cat. I/345), indicating that the bright end of our sample is mostly comprised of blue helium-burning stars (BHeBs) and red HeBs with inevitable contamination of main sequence stars at the blue end. After applying modified magnitude and color cuts based on previous studies, we identified and ranked 2974 red supergiant, 508 yellow supergiant, and 4786 blue supergiant candidates in the LMC in six color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs). The comparison between the CMDs from the two catalogs of the LMC and Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) indicates that the most distinct difference appears at the bright red end of the optical and near-infrared CMDs, where the cool evolved stars (e.g., red supergiant stars (RSGs), asymptotic giant branch stars, and red giant stars) are located, which is likely due to the effect of metallicity and star formation history. A further quantitative comparison of colors of massive star candidates in equal absolute magnitude bins suggests that there is essentially no difference for the BSG candidates, but a large discrepancy for the RSG candidates since LMC targets are redder than the SMC ones, which may be due to the combined effect of metallicity on both spectral type and mass-loss rate as well as the age effect. The effective temperatures (Teff) of massive star populations are also derived from reddening-free color of (J-K_S_0. The Teff ranges are 3500<Teff<5000K for an RSG population, 5000<Teff<8000K for a YSG population, and Teff>8000K for a BSG population, with larger uncertainties toward the hotter stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/629/A91
- Title:
- A source catalog for the SMC
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/629/A91
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a clean, magnitude-limited (IRAC1 or WISE1 <=15.0mag) multiwavelength source catalog for the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) with 45466 targets in total, with the purpose of building an anchor for future studies, especially for the massive star populations at low-metallicity. The catalog contains data in 50 different bands including 21 optical and 29 infrared bands, retrieved from SEIP, VMC, IRSF, AKARI, HERITAGE, Gaia, SkyMapper, NSC, Massey (2002, Cat. II/236), and GALEX, ranging from the ultraviolet to the far-infrared. Additionally, radial velocities and spectral classifications were collected from the literature, and infrared and optical variability statistics were retrieved from WISE, SAGE-Var, VMC, IRSF, Gaia, NSC, and OGLE. The catalog was essentially built upon a 1" crossmatching and a 3" deblending between the Spitzer Enhanced Imaging Products (SEIP) source list and Gaia Data Release 2 (DR2) photometric data. Further constraints on the proper motions and parallaxes from Gaia DR2 allowed us to remove the foreground contamination. We estimate that about 99.5% of the targets in our catalog are most likely genuine members of the SMC. Using the evolutionary tracks and synthetic photometry from MESA Isochrones & Stellar Tracks and the theoretical J-K_S_ color cuts, we identified 1405 red supergiant (RSG), 217 yellow supergiant, and 1,369 blue supergiant candidates in the SMC in five different color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs), where attention should also be paid to the incompleteness of our sample. We ranked the candidates based on the intersection of different CMDs. A comparison between the models and observational data shows that the lower limit of initial mass for the RSG population may be as low as 7 or even 6M_{sun}_ and that the RSG is well separated from the asymptotic giant branch (AGB) population even at faint magnitude, making RSGs a unique population connecting the evolved massive and intermediate stars, since stars with initial mass around 6 to 8$M_{sun}_ are thought to go through a second dredge-up to become AGB stars. We encourage the interested reader to further exploit the potential of our catalog.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/284/233
- Title:
- Association of HII regions and IRAS PSC sources
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/284/233
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- (no description available)
