- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/418/841
- Title:
- XMM-Newton observations of N11 in the LMC
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/418/841
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Using the XMM-Newton observatory, we have observed the giant H II region N11 of the LMC. The field includes three OB associations LH9, LH9, and LH13. Our XMM observations included parallel observations with the OM camera that provided us with unique UV and optical photometry of more than 6000 sources. In this paper we present the photometrical data for these sources as well as their cross-identifications with several catalogues.
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- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/558/A3
- Title:
- XMM-Newton point-source catalogue of the SMC
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/558/A3
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The XMM-Newton survey of the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) yields a complete coverage of the bar and eastern wing in the 0.2-12.0keV band. This catalogue comprises 3053 unique X-ray point sources and sources with moderate extent that have been reduced from 5236 individual detections found in observations between April 2000 and April 2010. Sources have a median position uncertainty of 1.3" (1{sigma}) and limiting fluxes down to ~1*10^-14^erg/s/cm2 in the 0.2-4.5keV band, corresponding to 5*10^33^erg/s for sources in the SMC. Sources have been classified using hardness ratios, X-ray variability, and their multi-wavelength properties. In addition to the main-field (5.58deg^2^) available outer fields have been included in the catalogue, yielding a total field area of 6.32deg^2^. X-ray sources with high extent (>40", e.g. supernova remnants and galaxy cluster) have been presented by Haberl et al. (2012, Cat. J/A+A/545/A128)
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/AJ/131/2164
- Title:
- X-ray sources in RMC 136
- Short Name:
- J/AJ/131/2164
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We have studied the X-ray point-source population of the 30 Doradus (30 Dor) star-forming complex in the Large Magellanic Cloud using high spatial resolution X-ray images and spatially resolved spectra obtained with the Advanced CCD Imaging Spectrometer (ACIS) on board the Chandra X-Ray Observatory. Here we describe the X-ray sources in a 17'x17' field centered on R136, the massive star cluster at the center of the main 30 Dor nebula. We detect 20 of the 32 Wolf-Rayet stars in the ACIS field. The cluster R136 is resolved at the subarcsecond level into almost 100 X-ray sources, including many typical O3-O5 stars, as well as a few bright X-ray sources previously reported.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/585/A162
- Title:
- X-ray supernova remnants in LMC
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/585/A162
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present a comprehensive X-ray study of the population of supernova remnants (SNRs) in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). Using primarily XMM-Newton observations, we conduct a systematic spectral analysis of LMC SNRs to gain new insight into their evolution and the interplay with their host galaxy. We combined all the archival XMM-Newton observations of the LMC with those of our Very Large Programme LMC survey. We produced X-ray images and spectra of 51 SNRs, out of a list of 59 objects compiled from the literature and augmented with newly found objects. Using a careful modelling of the background, we consistently analysed all the X-ray spectra and measure temperatures, luminosities, and chemical compositions. The locations of SNRs are compared to the distributions of stars, cold gas, and warm gas in the LMC, and we investigated the connection between the SNRs and their local environment, characterised by various star formation histories. We tentatively typed all LMC SNRs, in order to constrain the ratio of core-collapse to type Ia SN rates in the LMC. We also compared the column densities derived from X-ray spectra to HI maps, thus probing the three-dimensional structure of the LMC. This work provides the first homogeneous catalogue of the X-ray spectral properties of SNRs in the LMC. It offers a complete census of LMC remnants whose X-ray emission exhibits Fe K lines (13% of the sample), or reveals the contribution from hot supernova ejecta (39%), which both give clues to the progenitor types. The abundances of O, Ne, Mg, Si, and Fe in the hot phase of the LMC interstellar medium are found to be between 0.2 and 0.5 times the solar values with a lower abundance ratio [{alpha}/Fe] than in the Milky Way. The current ratio of core-collapse to type Ia SN rates in the LMC is constrained to N_CC_/N_Ia_=1.35(_-0.24_^+0.11^), which is lower than in local SN surveys and galaxy clusters. Our comparison of the X-ray luminosity functions of SNRs in Local Group galaxies (LMC, SMC, M31, and M33) reveals an intriguing excess of bright objects in the LMC. Finally, we confirm that 30 Doradus and the LMC Bar are offset from the main disc of the LMC to the far and near sides, respectively.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/749/177
- Title:
- Yellow and red supergiants in the LMC
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/749/177
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- Due to their transitionary nature, yellow supergiants (YSGs) provide a critical challenge for evolutionary modeling. Previous studies within M31 and the Small Magellanic Cloud show that the Geneva evolutionary models do a poor job at predicting the lifetimes of these short-lived stars. Here, we extend this study to the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) while also investigating the galaxy's red supergiant (RSG) content. This task is complicated by contamination by Galactic foreground stars that color and magnitude criteria alone cannot weed out. Therefore, we use proper-motions and the LMC's large systemic radial velocity (~278km/s) to separate out these foreground dwarfs. After observing nearly 2000 stars, we identified 317 probable YSGs, 6 possible YSGs, and 505 probable RSGs. Foreground contamination of our YSG sample was ~80%, while that of the RSG sample was only 3%. By placing the YSGs on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram and comparing them against the evolutionary tracks, we find that new Geneva evolutionary models do an exemplary job at predicting both the locations and the lifetimes of these transitory objects.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/719/1784
- Title:
- Yellow supergiants in the SMC
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/719/1784
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The yellow supergiant content of nearby galaxies provides a critical test of massive star evolutionary theory. While these stars are the brightest in a galaxy, they are difficult to identify because a large number of foreground Milky Way stars have similar colors and magnitudes. We previously conducted a census of yellow supergiants within M31 and found that the evolutionary tracks predict a yellow supergiant duration an order of magnitude longer than we observed. Here we turn our attention to the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC), where the metallicity is 10x lower than that of M31, which is important as metallicity strongly affects massive star evolution. The SMC's large radial velocity (~160km/s) allows us to separate members from foreground stars. Observations of ~500 candidates yielded 176 near-certain SMC supergiants, 16 possible SMC supergiants, along with 306 foreground stars, and provide good relative numbers of yellow supergiants down to 12M_{sun}_. Of the 176 near-certain SMC supergiants, the kinematics predicted by the Besancon model of the Milky Way suggest a foreground contamination of <=4%. After placing the SMC supergiants on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (HRD) and comparing our results to the Geneva evolutionary tracks, we find results similar to those of the M31 study: while the locations of the stars on the HRD match the locations of evolutionary tracks well, the models overpredict the yellow supergiant lifetime by a factor of 10. Uncertainties about the mass-loss rates on the main sequence thus cannot be the primary problem with the models.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/518/L73
- Title:
- Youngest massive protostars in the LMC
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/518/L73
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We demonstrate the unique capabilities of Herschel to study very young luminous extragalactic young stellar objects (YSOs) by analyzing a central strip of the Large Magellanic Cloud obtained through the HERITAGE Science Demonstration Program. We combine PACS 100 and 160, and SPIRE 250, 350, and 500um photometry with 2MASS (1.25-2.17um) and Spitzer IRAC and MIPS (3.6-70um) to construct complete spectral energy distributions (SEDs) of compact sources. From these, we identify 207 candidate embedded YSOs in the observed region, ~40% never-before identified. We discuss their position in far-infrared color-magnitude space, comparing with previously studied, spectroscopically confirmed YSOs and maser emission. All have red colors indicating massive cool envelopes and great youth. We analyze four example YSOs, determining their physical properties by fitting their SEDs with radiative transfer models. Fitting full SEDs including the Herschel data requires us to increase the size and mass of envelopes included in the models. This implies higher accretion rates (greater or equal to 10^-4^M_{sun}_/yr), in agreement with previous outflow studies of high-mass protostars. Our results show that Herschel provides reliable longwave SEDs of large samples of high-mass YSOs; discovers the youngest YSOs whose SEDs peak in Herschel bands; and constrains the physical properties and evolutionary stages of YSOs more precisely than was previously possible.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/695/511
- Title:
- Young massive stars in LHA 120-N 44
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/695/511
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The HII complex N44 in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) provides an excellent site to perform a detailed study of star formation in a mild starburst, as it hosts three regions of star formation at different evolutionary stages, and it is not as complicated and confusing as the 30 Doradus giant HII region. We have obtained Spitzer Space Telescope observations and complementary ground-based 4m uBVIJK observations of N44 to identify candidate massive young stellar objects (YSOs). We further classify the YSOs into Types I, II, and III, according to their spectral energy distributions (SEDs). In our sample of 60 YSO candidates, ~65% of them are resolved into multiple components or extended sources in high-resolution ground-based images.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/785/162
- Title:
- YSO candidates in the Magellanic Bridge
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/785/162
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- The Magellanic Bridge is the nearest low-metallicity, tidally stripped environment, offering a unique high-resolution view of physical conditions in merging and forming galaxies. In this paper, we present an analysis of candidate massive young stellar objects (YSOs), i.e., in situ, current massive star formation (MSF) in the Bridge using Spitzer mid-IR and complementary optical and near-IR photometry. While we definitely find YSOs in the Bridge, the most massive are ~10 M_{sun}_<<45 M_{sun}_ found in the LMC. The intensity of MSF in the Bridge also appears to be decreasing, as the most massive YSOs are less massive than those formed in the past. To investigate environmental effects on MSF, we have compared properties of massive YSOs in the Bridge to those in the LMC. First, YSOs in the Bridge are apparently less embedded than in the LMC: 81% of Bridge YSOs show optical counterparts, compared to only 56% of LMC sources with the same range of mass, circumstellar dust mass, and line-of-sight extinction. Circumstellar envelopes are evidently more porous or clumpy in the Bridge's low-metallicity environment. Second, we have used whole samples of YSOs in the LMC and the Bridge to estimate the probability of finding YSOs at a given H I column density, N(H I). We found that the LMC has ~3xhigher probability than the Bridge for N(H I)>12x10^20^/cm^2^, but the trend reverses at lower N(H I). Investigating whether this lower efficiency relative to H I is due to less efficient molecular cloud formation or to less efficient cloud collapse, or to both, will require sensitive molecular gas observations.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/542/A66
- Title:
- YSOs in 9 LMC star forming regions
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/542/A66
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We introduce a new set of selection criteria for the identification of infrared bright young stellar object (YSO) candidates and apply them to nine HII regions in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC), focusing particularly on lower mass candidates missed by most surveys. Data are from the Spitzer Space Telescope legacy program SAGE (Surveying the Agents of Galaxy Evolution; Meixner et al. 2006, Cat. J/AJ/132/2268, see also II/305), combined with optical photometry from the Magellanic Clouds Photometric Survey (MCPS; Zaritsky et al. 1997AJ....114.1002Z) and near-infrared photometry from the InfraRed Survey Facility (IRSF; Kato et al. 2007, Cat. II/288). We choose regions of diverse physical size, star formation rates (SFRs), and ages. We also cover a wide range of locations and surrounding environments in the LMC. These active star-forming regions are LHA 120-N 11, N 44, N 51, N 105, N 113, N 120, N 144, N 160, and N 206. Some have been well-studied (e.g., N11, N44, N160) in the past, while others (e.g., N51, N144) have received little attention. We identify 1045 YSO candidates, including 918 never before identified and 127 matching previous candidate lists. We characterize the evolutionary stage and physical properties of each candidate using the spectral energy distribution (SED) fitter of Robitaille et al. (2007ApJS..169..328R) and estimate mass functions and SFRs for each region.
