- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/656/A101
- Title:
- G305 Giant Molecular Cloud II. Clump properties
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/656/A101
- Date:
- 21 Mar 2022 07:03:46
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- G305 star-forming complex was observed in the 3-2 lines of 12 & 13CO to investigate the effect of feedback from the central OB stars on the complex. The region was decomposed into clumps using dendrogram analysis. A catalog of clump properties was created. The surface mass densities of the clumps were plotted as a function of the incident 8um flux. A mask of the region with 8um flux >100MJy/sr was created and clumps were categorized based on the extent of overlap with the mask into "mostly inside", "partly inside" & "outside". The surface mass density distribution of each of these populations were plotted. This was followed by comparing G305 clumps with the Galactic average taken from the ATLASGAL and CHIMPS clumps. Finally, the cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of the clump masses in G305 & their L/M ratios were compared to that of the Galactic sample. The surface mass densities of clumps showed a positive correlation with incident 8um flux. The data did not have sufficient velocity resolution to discern the effects of feedback on the linewidths of the clumps. The sub-sample of clumps named "mostly inside" had the highest surface mass densities followed by "partly -inside" and "outside" sub-samples. These differences between the three sub-samples were shown to be statistically significant using the KS test. The "mostly inside" sample also showed the highest level of fragmentation compared to the other two. These prove that clumps inside the G305 region are triggered. The G305 clump population is also statistically different from the Galactic average population rejecting redistribution as a likely consequence of feedback. The CDFs of clump masses and their L/M ratios are both flatter than the Galactic average, indicating that feedback in G305 has triggered star formation. The collect & collapse method is the dominant mechanism at play in G305.
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Search Results
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/625/A19
- Title:
- 33 GHz continuum map of M51
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/625/A19
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- It remains unclear what sets the efficiency with which molecular gas transforms into stars. Here we present a new VLA map of the spiral galaxy M51 in 33GHz radio continuum, an extinction-free tracer of star formation, at 3" scales (~100pc). We combined this map with interferometric PdBI/NOEMA observations of CO(1-0) and HCN(1-0) at matched resolution for three regions in M51 (central molecular ring, northern and southern spiral arm segments). While our measurements roughly fall on the well-known correlation between total infrared and HCN luminosity, bridging the gap between Galactic and extragalactic observations, we find systematic offsets from that relation for different dynamical environments probed in M51, e.g. the southern arm segment is more quiescent due to low star formation efficiency (SFE) of the dense gas, despite having a high dense gas fraction. Combining our results with measurements from the literature at 100pc scales, we find that the SFE of the dense gas and the dense gas fraction anti-correlate and correlate, respectively, with the local stellar mass surface density. This is consistent with previous kpc-scale studies. In addition, we find a significant anti-correlation between the SFE and velocity dispersion of the dense gas. Finally, we confirm that a correlation also holds between star formation rate surface density and the dense gas fraction, but it is not stronger than the correlation with dense gas surface density. Our results are hard to reconcile with models relying on a universal gas density threshold for star formation and suggest that turbulence and galactic dynamics play a major role in setting how efficiently dense gas converts into stars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/MNRAS/446/3461
- Title:
- 6.7-GHz methanol masers-dust associations
- Short Name:
- J/MNRAS/446/3461
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We report the results of 870{mu}m continuum observations, using the Large APEX Bolometer Camera, towards 77 class-II, 6.7-GHz methanol masers identified by the Methanol MultiBeam (MMB) survey to map the thermal emission from cool dust towards these objects. These data complement a study of 630 methanol masers associated with compact dense clumps identified from the APEX Telescope Large Area Survey of the Galaxy (ATLASGAL) survey. Compact dust emission is detected towards 70 sources, which implies a dust-association rate of 99 per cent for the full MMB catalogue. Evaluation of the derived dust and maser properties leads us to conclude that the combined sample represents a single population tracing the same phenomenon. We find median clump masses of a few 10^3^M_{sun}_ and that all but a handful of sources satisfy the mass-size criterion required for massive star formation. This study provides the strongest evidence of the almost ubiquitous association of methanol masers with massive, star-forming clumps. The fraction of methanol-maser associated clumps is a factor of ~2 lower in the outer Galaxy than the inner Galaxy, possibly a result of the lower metallicity environment of the former. We find no difference in the clump-mass and maser-luminosity distributions of the inner and outer Galaxy. The maser-pumping and clump formation mechanisms are therefore likely to be relatively invariant to Galactic location. Finally, we use the ratio of maser luminosity and clump mass to investigate the hypothesis that the maser luminosity is a good indicator of the evolutionary stage of the embedded source, however, we find no evidence to support this.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/655/958
- Title:
- 90-GHz observations in NGC 1333
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/655/958
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We observed the clustered star forming complex NGC 1333 with the BIMA and FCRAO telescopes in the transitions HCO+(1-0) and N_2_H+(1-0) over an area with resolution ~10" (0.015pc). The N_2_H+ emission follows very closely the submillimeter dust continuum emission, while HCO+ emission appears more spatially extended and also traces outflows. We have identified 93 N_2_H+ cores using the CLUMPFIND algorithm, and we derive N_2_H+ core masses between 0.05 and 2.5M_{sun}_ , with uncertainties of a factor of a few, dominated by the adopted N_2_H+ abundance.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/835/3
- Title:
- 218GHz obs. of embedded protostars in Ophiuchus
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/835/3
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present APEX 218GHz observations of molecular emission in a complete sample of embedded protostars in the Ophiuchus star-forming region. To study the physical properties of the cores, we calculate H_2_CO and c-C_3_H_2_ rotational temperatures, both of which are good tracers of the kinetic temperature of the molecular gas. We find that the H_2_CO temperatures range between 16K and 124K, with the highest H_2_CO temperatures toward the hot corino source IRAS 16293-2422 (69-124K) and the sources in the {rho} Oph A cloud (23-49K) located close to the luminous Herbig Be star S1, which externally irradiates the {rho} Oph A cores. On the other hand, the c-C_3_H_2_ rotational temperature is consistently low (7-17K) in all sources. Our results indicate that the c-C_3_H_2_ emission is primarily tracing more shielded parts of the envelope whereas the H_2_CO emission (at the angular scale of the APEX beam; 3600 au in Ophiuchus) mainly traces the outer irradiated envelopes, apart from in IRAS 16293-2422, where the hot corino emission dominates. In some sources, a secondary velocity component is also seen, possibly tracing the molecular outflow.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/625/A147
- Title:
- 80-116GHz spectrum of L483
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/625/A147
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- An exhaustive chemical characterization of dense cores is mandatory to our understanding of chemical composition changes from a starless to a protostellar stage. However, only a few sources have had their molecular composition characterized in detail. Here we present a 3mm line survey of L483, a dense core around a Class 0 protostar, which was observed with the IRAM 30m telescope in the 80-116GHz frequency range. We detected 71 molecules (140 including different isotopologs), most of which are present in the cold and quiescent ambient cloud according to their narrow lines (FWHM~0.5km/s) and low rotational temperatures (<~10K). Of particular interest among the detected molecules are the cis isomer of HCOOH, the complex organic molecules HCOOCH_3_, CH_3_OCH_3_, and C_2_H_5_OH, a wide variety of carbon chains, nitrogen oxides like N_2_O, and saturated molecules like CH_3_SH, in addition to eight new interstellar molecules (HCCO, HCS, HSC, NCCNH^+^, CNCN, NCO, H_2_NCO^+^, and NS^+^) whose detection has already been reported. In general, fractional molecular abundances in L483 are systematically lower than in TMC-1 (especially for carbon chains), tend to be higher than in L1544 and B1-b, and are similar to those in L1527. Apart from the overabundance of carbon chains in TMC-1, we find that L483 does not have a marked chemical differentiation with respect to starless/prestellar cores like TMC-1 and L1544, although it does chemically differentiate from Class 0 hot corino sources like IRAS 16293-2422. This fact suggests that the chemical composition of the ambient cloud of some Class 0 sources could be largely inherited from the dark cloud starless/prestellar phase. We explore the use of potential chemical evolutionary indicators, such as the HNCO/C_3_S, SO_2_/C_2_S, and CH_3_SH/C_2_S ratios, to trace the prestellar/protostellar transition. We also derived isotopic ratios for a variety of molecules, many of which show isotopic ratios close to the values for the local interstellar medium (remarkably all those involving ^34^S and ^33^S), while there are also several isotopic anomalies like an extreme depletion in ^13^C for one of the two isotopologs of c-C_3_H_2_, a drastic enrichment in ^18^O for SO and HNCO (SO being also largely enriched in ^17^O), and different abundances for the two ^13^C substituted species of C_2_H and the two ^15^N substituted species of N_2_H^+^. We report the first detection in space of some minor isotopologs and quantify for the first time the deuterium fractionation for HDCCO and c-C_3_D. The exhaustive chemical characterization of L483 presented here, together with similar studies of other prestellar and protostellar sources, should allow us to identify the main factors that regulate the chemical composition of cores along the process of formation of low-mass protostars.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJS/149/343
- Title:
- Giant molecular clouds in M33
- Short Name:
- J/ApJS/149/343
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present the first interferometric ^12^CO (J=1->0) map of the entire H{alpha} disk of M33. The 13" diameter synthesized beam corresponds to a linear resolution of 50pc, sufficient to distinguish individual giant molecular clouds (GMCs). From these data we generated a catalog of 148 GMCs with an expectation that no more than 15 of the sources are spurious. The catalog is complete down to GMC masses of 1.5x10^5^M_{sun}_ and contains a total mass of 2.3x10^7^M_{sun}_.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/654/240
- Title:
- Giant molecular clouds in M31
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/654/240
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present Berkeley-Illinois-Maryland Association (BIMA) millimeter interferometer observations of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) along a spiral arm in M31. The observations consist of a survey using the compact configuration of the interferometer and follow-up, higher resolution observations on a subset of the detections in the survey. The data are processed using an analysis algorithm designed to extract GMCs and correct their derived properties for observational biases, thereby facilitating comparison with Milky Way data. The algorithm identifies 67 GMCs, of which 19 have a sufficient signal-to-noise ratio to accurately measure their properties. The GMCs in this portion of M31 are indistinguishable from those found in the Milky Way, having a similar size-line width relationship and distribution of virial parameters, confirming the results of previous, smaller studies. The velocity gradients and angular momenta of the GMCs are comparable to the values measured in M33 and the Milky Way, and in all cases are below expected values based on the local galactic shear. The studied region of M31 has an interstellar radiation field, metallicity, Toomre Q parameter, and midplane volume density similar to those of the inner Milky Way, so the similarity of GMC populations between the two systems is not surprising.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/A+A/542/A108
- Title:
- Giant molecular clouds in M33
- Short Name:
- J/A+A/542/A108
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We present an analysis of a systematic CO(2-1) survey at 12" resolution covering most of the Local Group spiral M33, which, at a distance of 840kpc, is close enough for individual giant molecular clouds (GMCs) to be identified. The goal of this work is to study the properties of the GMCs in this subsolar metallicity galaxy. The CPROPS (Cloud PROPertieS) algorithm was used to identify 337 GMCs in M33, the largest sample to date for an external galaxy. The sample is used to study the GMC luminosity function, or mass spectrum under the assumption of a constant N(H_2_)/I_CO_ ratio.
- ID:
- ivo://CDS.VizieR/J/ApJ/772/107
- Title:
- Giant molecular clouds in nearby galaxies
- Short Name:
- J/ApJ/772/107
- Date:
- 21 Oct 2021
- Publisher:
- CDS
- Description:
- We resolve 182 individual giant molecular clouds (GMCs) larger than 2.5x10^5^M_{sun}_ in the inner disks of 5 large nearby spiral galaxies (NGC 2403, NGC 3031, NGC 4736, NGC 4826, and NGC 6946) to create the largest such sample of extragalactic GMCs within galaxies analogous to the Milky Way. Using a conservatively chosen sample of GMCs most likely to adhere to the virial assumption, we measure cloud sizes, velocity dispersions, and ^12^CO(J=1-0) luminosities and calculate cloud virial masses. The average conversion factor from CO flux to H_2_ mass (or X_CO_) for each galaxy is 1-2x10^20^/cm2 (K.km/s)^-1^, all within a factor of two of the Milky Way disk value (~2x10^20^/cm2(K.km/s)^-1^). We find GMCs to be generally consistent within our errors between the galaxies and with Milky Way disk GMCs; the intrinsic scatter between clouds is of order a factor of two. Consistent with previous studies in the Local Group, we find a linear relationship between cloud virial mass and CO luminosity, supporting the assumption that the clouds in this GMC sample are gravitationally bound. We do not detect a significant population of GMCs with elevated velocity dispersions for their sizes, as has been detected in the Galactic center. Though the range of metallicities probed in this study is narrow, the average conversion factors of these galaxies will serve to anchor the high metallicity end of metallicity-X_CO_ trends measured using conversion factors in resolved clouds; this has been previously possible primarily with Milky Way measurements.
